Adverb of Emphasis - Definition and Examples

Modifier of Emphasis s In English language structure, verb modifier of accentuation isâ a customary term for an intensifierâ used to give included power or a more noteworthy level of conviction to another word in a sentence or to the sentence all in all. Additionally called an emphasizer and anâ emphasizing intensifier. Basic verb modifiers of accentuation incorporate absolutely,â certainly, unmistakably, unquestionably, normally, clearly, decidedly, truly, just, and without a doubt. In The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammarâ (2014), Bas Aarts et al. call attention to that [o]nly some syntactic models partition modifiers with this degree of semantic detail.â â Models and Observations I was totally down and out and the lease was expected. Plainly I expected to discover a job.Hes tapping my telephone, he said to Celia irately. I unquestionably heard it. Definitely.(Lawrence Sanders, The First Deadly Sin. G. P. Putnams Sons, 1973) I hadnt the smallest delay in saying: For sure! Tell the manabsolutely! Totally! Of course!(Joey Tallon in Call Me the Breeze, a novel by Patrick McCabe, 2003) In Stamps the segregationâ was so complete that most Black youngsters didnt truly, totally recognize what whites looked like.(Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Irregular House, 1969Deterrence, clearly, is one of the points of discipline, yet it is most likely not alone. Actually, there are at any rate about six, and some are most likely very as important.(H.L. Mencken, The Penalty of Death At the entryway of the kitchen she stated, You never finish your lunch. You go around foolishly. What will happen to you?Then she died.Naturally for an amazing remainder I yearne d toâ see her, not just in entryways, in an incredible number of spots in the lounge area with my aunties, at the window turning upward and down the square, in the nation garden among zinnias and marigolds, in the family room with my father.(Grace Paley, Mother. Later the Same Day. Farrar, Straus Giroux, 1985) Hypothetically, obviously, one should consistently to go after the best word. Be that as it may, essentially, the propensity for over the top consideration in word-determination oftentimes brings about loss of spontaneity.(Francis Thompson, qtd. by Arthur Quiller-Couch in Murder Your Darlings)Everything starting at Blake Avenueâ would consistently wear for me some wonderful oddness and gentleness, essentially on the grounds that it was not of my square, the block,â where the clangâ of your head sounded against the asphalt when you fell in a clench hand battle, and the columns of store-lights on each side were cruel, viewing you.(Alfred Kazin, A Walker in the City. Harcourt Brace, 1951 There is without a doubt a sensation in going into outside parts that will be had no place else; however it is more satisfying at the time than lasting.(William Hazlitt, On Going a Journey False notions You can spot ​discourses that make one wonder by searching for such words as clearly, obviously, and truly. Any guard legal counselor would quickly jump up and state, Objection! on the off chance that the arraignment were to state to the jury, Obviously, she is blameworthy. (Edward P. J. Corbett and Rosa A. Eberly, The Elements of Reasoning. Allyn and Bacon, 2000)

Alzheimers Disease Essay -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

Alzheimer’s Disease      Imagine getting up one morning and you can't recall where you are or your own child’s name. This could be an immediate sign that you or a relative has Alzheimer’s sickness. Alzheimer’s ailment is a type of dementia, which implies that it influences certain elements of the cerebrum, for example, memory, rationale, and ordinary substantial capacities. This ailment was first depicted by a specialist named Alois Alzheimer in 1906. He found bizarre developments of filaments in the cerebrums of lady that had kicked the bucket from a strange psychological maladjustment (National Institute, 1995).      Many individuals don't understand how extreme this infection truly is. These individuals likewise don't understand the amount of a hazard there is of building up the sickness. 4,000,000 individuals in the United States today are distressed with Alzheimer’s ailment. It is evaluated that 22 million individuals around the globe as of now have this ailment (St.George-Hyslop, 2000). Another exceptionally intriguing reality about Alzheimer’s is that the adjustments in the cerebrum occur 20 to 40 years before the patient shows any manifestations. Around 10% of Americans have this illness by the age of 65, and around 50 percent of Americans have the sickness by the age of 85. Individuals can live very much into their 90s, they despite everything hold the greater part of their recollections and control of their bodies (Kahn, 1998). This ailment is a sickness that everybody in the United States ought to be worried about.      Scientists accept that they comprehend what makes this sickness happen. It is brought about by proteins in the mind that turn out badly. These proteins structure groups inside the cerebrum, and they produce a poison that influences nerve cells. These nerve cells are then lost, and this influences certain pieces of the cerebrum that control certain capacities. This legitimately influences two pieces of the cerebrum, the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. These two pieces of the cerebrum control memory, thinking, language, and other real capacities (St. George-Hyslop, 2000). Alzheimer’s malady majorly affects the patient’s life, yet on the lives of the patient’s family too. This infection takes an extremely moderate way in its turn of events. It might begin as simply some transient memory misfortune. This implies an individual with Alzheimer’s may overlook seemingly insignificant details, similar to what the person had for supper the previous evening or why they went to the cooler. These side effects can be ignored as j... ...In Kahn’s story (1998) a little girl of a patient was satisfied with Aricept, â€Å"’ the inversion of her condition was momentous. For longer than a year, I sort of got my mother back (p,18).’† This sickness is clearly an awful one. It can tear a family separated, and there is nothing that should be possible about it. Ideally, one day a fix will be found, yet meanwhile, Alzheimer’s sickness has all out power over an individual who is beset with it. It likewise has authority over the group of the individual beset with it. Nearly everybody in this nation has a type of bind to this malady, and this is the reason more exploration ought to be done in order to find a fix. References Kahn, C. (2007, November, 8). New medications and trust in Alzheimer’s patients. March Magazine, 16-19. National Institute on Aging. (1995). Alzheimer’s Disease Fact Sheet. Recovered October 22, 2008, from the World Wide Web: http://www.alzheimers.org/bars/adfact.html Shenk, D. (2001, November-December). The War on Alzheimer’s. My Generation, 15-20. St. George-Hyslop, P.H. (2005). Sorting Out Alzheimer’s. Recovered October 22, 2008, from the World Wide Web: http://www.sciam.com/2000/1200issue/1200stgeorge.html

Why do women live longer than men Does the answer lie in biology, Essay

For what reason do ladies live longer than men Does the appropriate response lie in science, nourishment, brain research or human science - Essay Example This has been credited to different social and organic reasons. Research shows a lessening in death rates among ladies in twentieth century. The future hole between different races and individuals has limited fundamentally, with the sexual orientation hole getting more extensive. This influences sex proportion, and social and segment factors like marriage and valuation of benefits plans (Reijo and Chen 2013, p. 118). Men are accepted to bite the dust more youthful because of upsetting lives than ladies. In the event that this was valid, the hole could be diminishing essentially as more ladies expect employments that were recently accepted to be for men. Additionally, ladies get worried as they work outside home on the worries at home. Be that as it may, in spite of ladies living longer than men, they are less solid than men at mature age. Naturally, ladies are viewed as more fit than guys because of the hormonal and hereditary contrasts (Eskes and Clemens 2007, p. 126). Hypothetically, maturing results from the progressive amassing of the little blames and harms to cell segments like DNA and protein. Ladies are accepted to have the natural bit of leeway as because of their contribution in propagation. Ladies are associated with proliferation for longer than guys. Additionally, it is contended that iron may cause early passings. The best way to lead out the iron is through blood, which is typically a bit of leeway in females because of menstrual cycles. High collections of iron raise the poisonous level as iron is an oxidizing component that has capability of expanding the heart sicknesses and dangers of malignant growth (Ginter and Simko 2013, p. 45). Ladies have 2 X-chromosomes and men have X and Y chromosomes. The second X chromosome in ladies goes about as a reinforcement after the other quality gets harmed. Late theories demonstrate that Y quality is typically harmful and goes about as a hotspot for other quality items quickening maturing. In particular, ladies have microRNA and X chromosome in their ribonucleic corrosive. Most microRNA is found in X chromosome,

Sonny and Gregor an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Sonny and Gregor by Expert Sweet Alicia PhD | 14 Nov 2016 In Sonny's Blues, Sonny considers himself to be the normal person who is interested about the world that envelopes his being, particularly the things an individual might not have encountered at this point yet has the unpretentious trace of energy to give things a shot just for the name of being familiar with the new. There is little uncertainty to accept that Sonny sees himself along these lines for the explanation that sooner or later he asked his companion what heroin resembled and was informed that it felt very great. Another fascinating thing to investigate is the way that Sonny needed to be a jazz artist simply like his dad's sibling. The way that Sonny kept it as a significant mystery reveals to us that he sees himself simply like his dad's sibling albeit clearly, he couldn't oversee and assemble enough certainty to stand up immovably on his own wants and satisfy them simply like how an ordinary individual would. Then again, Gregor considers himself to be the individual skilled r at any rate ready to proceed with life in the midst of battles just to serve those whom he fears most in his life. Notwithstanding physical restrictions that limit his capacity to satisfy his objectives, his readiness stays at the center of his cognizance. Not in any event, changing him into a bug will deplete away his longing to work. With this respect, Gregor further considers himself to be a tough individual not dissuaded by the shortcoming that life may draw upon him. Need exposition test on Sonny and Gregor theme? We will compose a custom exposition test explicitly for you Continue These characters maybe keep up the furthest edges as far as the adjustments in their lives. On one hand, Gregor is clearly observed as a 'changed' individual in the wake of being bafflingly changed into an apparently huge vermin. Then again, Sonny is viewed as a 'static' individual from the center part to the last pieces of the story, incapable to change his ways particularly as far as his tenacious or unfaltering reliance on denied tranquilizes so as to go on with his music. Notwithstanding, the 'adjustment' in Sonny can be seen from when he drew in into the utilizing and selling of disallowed drugs. From that point on, Sonny couldn't transcend his bind. Rather, this 'difficulty' for others transformed into a contributing component in the melodic tendency of Sonny. Due to these things, there are different characters in the story who make statements about Gregor and Sonny. For example, Sonny's sibling has a great deal of comments about Sonny to the group of Sonny's sibling, for example, informing him concerning his propensity for dependence on disallow medications and how he utilizes it to support his melodic exhibitions. A companion of Sonny further uncovers to Sonny's sibling the subtleties of how Sonny gets to know the 'sedate' through his sibling. Then again, Gregor's family basically talks about him in a way in which he would have the option to endure his difficulty. By keeping him in a room disengaged from the remainder of the individuals who may have the enthusiasm to enter their lives and exacerbate the circumstance, Gregor's family picked to save him in the space for his assurance and for his family too. They state that Gregor is the just one working in the family which in the end caused them to acknowledge to secure positions all alone so as to support their day by day resource. These things inevitably direct us toward the possibility that both Gregor and Sonny have interfaced very well with these 'other' characters in the story. For one, Gregor's communication with different characters in the story is showed through the manner by which his family assumed the liability of looking out for him in his condition. While being a huge vermin, the circumstance of Gregor can be handily considered in one's brain: a spirit ready to push through with life however can't do as such, ruined in no little route by his 'new' body in which he developed hostage until his last days. Through the assistance and music of his sister, Gregor can associate with 'different' characters in the story. Concerning Sonny, the connection with the remainder of the characters in the story spins around the portrayal of his sibling concerning the encounters he had with his sibling from youth until they developed into grown-ups. The impact of the expressions of Sonny's companion had an enduring impact on him, particularly with respect to the situation when Sonny discovered that medications caused him to feel great. Another purpose of cooperation am ong Sonny and the characters in the story is the point at which the companion of Sonny 'went with' him, in a manner of speaking, during the early stages of his life and later on. From that point on Sonny figured out how to utilize the drugto his melodic bit of leeway. Further, Sonny is likewise observed connecting with the group of his sibling, particularly at supper along with his sibling's better half, talking about things which appeared to modify his life. As he was approached to remain with Isabel while he was away, the cooperation should develop. Clearly, Isabel's piano kept Sonny occupied as he investigated the profundities of his melodic tendencies above and beyond. One closeness among Gregor and Sonny is the way that both experienced a battle in their lives which essentially moved the manner by which their reality rotated around them. For example, Gregor's change into a vermin incredibly influenced the manner by which he carried on with his life and the manner by which his family acted which in the end ended up being for the acceptable. Then again, Sonny's circumstance mirrors the battle of a person to get away from the grasp or reaches of his medication propensities by leaving Harlem. In the end, Sonny neglected to do so on account of his sibling's firm choice not to let him leave their place. At long last, Sonny was the attract considerably nearer to is propensities, filling his music with extreme enthusiasm with the large assistance of the medications that he is utilizing. One significant distinction among Gregor and Sonny is the way that their battles are explicitly portrayed by their extension. While Gregor's battle appears to be strange a nd a greater amount of the physical and enthusiastic viewpoints, Sonny's condition is identified with mental and passionate angles. Fundamentally, the creators/storytellers of the two stories depict the characters of Sonny and Gregor as people battling to remain all alone in the midst of the difficulties and blocks that hinder them much like the regular dealings of mankind from over the globe. References Baldwin, James. Sonny's Blues. November 13, 2007.

4 Step Process free essay sample

Stage 1 aâ‚ ¬ Identify the zone of law This four stage process alludes to liabilities of a specialist. The case includes a specialist called Tim Jones who speaks to an unknown vender of chocolate items. Tim organizes an agreement with ABC Foods Pty Ltd for the gracefully of chocolates to the different shops of ABC. Tim neglects to inform his rule of the agreement subsequently the flexibly of chocolates is never delivered. ABC is attempting to sue Tim for non-execution under the provisions of the agreement. This procedure will instruct Tim regarding his position and the choices he may have. Stage 2 aâ‚ ¬ Explain the law John D Maltas (2008, 18) portrays organization from a lawful perspective as a relationship which exists between two gatherings whereby one (the specialist) is approved by the other (the guideline) to do, on his/her sake. The operator gets an expansion or award of the legally binding forces of the head. The guideline would then decide the constraints of the agentaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s authority. Numerous business matters are directed through the instrumentality of a specialist. An operator is typically utilized to realize a legally binding connection between the head and an outsider. A Principle will be limited by what the operator does for the principalaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sake given that the specialist has acted inside the extent of his/her position. An organization relationship can be made in one of four different ways. Express understanding, suggested understanding, activity of law and approval. Express understanding is an agreement, oral or composed which contains the goals of the included gatherings in words. Inferred understanding can be successful in two circumstances; if real authority infers it or in the event that it is suggested through estoppel. For the situation Australia and New Zealand Bank Ltd v Ateliers de Constructions Electrocutes de Charleroi [1967] 1 AC 86 held that an operator appropriately delegated to represent the head in certain professional interactions, had genuine inferred position to open a ledger to offer impact to the organizations plans. Estoppel is to cure unfairness that would stream in the event that one individual who spoke to something to another had the option to pull back from that portrayal with invulnerability. Activity of law happens when in circumstances of crisis, assumed position to go about as an operator. Approval is the point at which a rule concurs with an unapproved demonstration done for his/her sake by an operator. The nature and extent of specialists authority is broken into two sections; genuine power and clear position. Genuine authority can either be communicated verbally or potentially recorded as a hard copy or it tends to be suggested. A case of communicated real authority would be the point at which a standard ives an operator a particular guidance to go into an agreement to buy a specific land parcel at a given cost, or to sell a particular thing under the standards name. Inferred genuine authority as a rule allows a specialist to do all things required for, and customarily coincidental to, doing his/her express position. The evident or apparent authority is the authority of the specialist as it shows up from an outsider. In the event that an operator is acting outside o f their real position the specialist will be held at risk to the head. At the point when a specialist unveils the name of the head, the agreement is considered to be that of the head, and the operator isn't at risk on the agreement with the exception of where: the specialist contracts outside the extent of his/her genuine or evident expert wherein case he/she will be subject for harms for a penetrate of guarantee of power or if the specialist concurs he/she is at risk. The operator is likewise at risk on the off chance that he/she shrinks by deed in their own name or if the chief is nonexistent. At the point when the operator signs a bill of trade or composed agreement in his/her name without distinguishing him/her as a specialist, at that point he/she will be by and by at risk on the bill of trade or agreement. As expressed in John D Maltas (2008, 45) the general principle is that where a specialist uncovers the way that a chief exists however the name of the chief has not been unveiled, the agentaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s obligation is equivalent to where the name has been revealed. In the event that the outsider agreements knowing there is a chief however doesn't find out the principalaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name, the outsider can't sue the specialist. As it were the agentaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s risk is the equivalent given he/she contracts as a specialist whether the principals name is uncovered or not. Where an operator contracts in his/her name without revealing the presence of an office contract, the specialist turns out to be by and by at risk on the agreement. An operator is under an obligation not to surpass the extent of his/her power. Insofar as this isn't done an operator won't be by and by at risk to people with whom he/she bargains. Where the specialist either explicitly or impliedly speaks to that he/she has position to go into a specific exchange and an outsider depends upon such portrayal, the operator is taken to have justified that such portrayal is valid. On account of such a guarantee being false, the operator is at risk in harms for break of guarantee. Anyway a chief is at risk for the convoluted demonstrations of his/her specialist where these have been submitted inside the extent of the real or clear authority under the organization. A chief won't be at risk for n agentaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s misrepresentation where the operator was not approved to do the demonstration or where the demonstration was not inside the class of acts that a specialist was generally approved to do. So as to get away from obligation the chief must show that he/she didn't do anything to speak to that the operator had position to do the demonstration. The general situation concerning risk to the chief is that a specialist is a mediator who is utilized to arrange a transaction(s) in the interest of a head with another gathering so as to influence a contact between them. By and large the operator acquires no risk against the head as to the agreement. Where a specialist, in any case, resists the directions of the head, such an operator will be at risk for any misfortunes endured by the head because of break of the organization understanding. There are a couple of essential factors where the specialist must obey to forestall acting outside of the organization understanding. These elements are; to adhere to the principalaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s directions, to act in accordance with some basic honesty, to make complete honesty of any close to home enthusiasm, to not make a mystery benefit and to practice sensible ability and care. On the off chance that any of these obligations of a specialist is broken, the operator will probably get subject for harms caused. When adhering to the principals directions, each specialist must act face to face and separated from the express or suggested authority of the head, an operator has no power to designate his/her obligations as an operator to another. This is to guarantee that the chief may depend upon the agentaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s aptitude or information to be utilized for his/her sake. An operator should likewise act in accordance with some basic honesty, which implies the specialist has an obligation to make a complete honesty of any close to home intrigue and not make a mystery benefit in any organization bargains. The specialist and chief offer a trustee relationship and there are commitments of trust and certainty which forces on an individual in conditions where that individual, the guardian, will undoubtedly represent the advantage of another, the head. The specialist is under an obligation in all cases to act in light of a legitimate concern for the head and should not permit his/her own advantages to struggle with those of the head. A specialist must make total honesty all the material conditions of what he/she knows about, which may impact the primary when entering in to any material exchange. An operator who is utilized for compensation is ventured to have and will undoubtedly exercise such aptitude, care and ingenuity in the presentation of the endeavor for the benefit of the head. Where an individual requests that a protection operator get protection and the specialist consents to do as such, the operator accept an obligation to practice the sensible level of care and expertise relating to the protection business. On the off chance that the specialist neglects to practice the imperative consideration and ability in doing the conditions of the agreement of office, at that point the operator will be obligated to the head for the misfortune continued by the last because of the agentaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s penetrate of obligation. Stage 3 aâ‚ ¬ Apply the law In the Tim Jones versus ABC Foods Pty Ltd case, the data gave builds up an organization relationship exists between Tim Jones as specialist for Henry Phillips, a provider of chocolate items. This sets up that Tim has been approved by Henry (the guideline) to do the selling of products, on his benefit. Tim got an augmentation of the authoritative forces of Henry (the head), in his ability as specialist. Apparently Tim Jones was working legally to realize an authoritative connection between the head (Henry) and an outsider (ABC Foods Pty Ltd). There has not been sufficient data given to set up the specific subtleties of the formation of the office relationship, however plainly tim was working under power of an express or suggested understanding. An express understanding is an agreement, oral or composed which contains the expectations of the included gatherings in words. Suggested genuine authority for the most part allows an operator to do all things needed for, and commonly coincidental to, completing his/her express position. On the off chance that a specialist is acting outside of their evident position the operator might be held obligated. The evident or apparent authority is the authority of the operator as it appears to an outsider. Tim was working inside the nature and the extent of his genuine and clear power. Henry permitted Tim to be the specialist for the selling of chocolate items. Tim has exhibited that he has acted inside his clear powers of his organization understanding. Tim unveiled the nearness of a mysterious head (Henry) consequently the agreement is regarded to be that of the head, and the specialist isn't obligated on the agreement. Nonetheless if Tim is demonstrated to work in a way outside of the

New Student Photo Series 2010 Entry #11 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2010 â€" Entry #11 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I continue to be amazed by the photos submitted by incoming students.   They are fabulous and I would love to continue to post pictures all the way up to Orientation.   So dig through your archives you incoming students and send us your pictures as described here. __________________________ The first photos were submitted by Jennifer Wilmore, an incoming MIA student. __________________________ Mursi Boy This photo was taken in 2009 near a Mursi village in the Omo valley of southwestern Ethiopia.   Just as I was leaving, the boy in the foreground asked me to take his picture.   I think it turned out to be an interesting shot because beyond the boys face in the mirror you can also see the reflection of a woman whose lower lip is cut in order to wear the pottery lip-plate characteristic of Mursi women. Boys in Window This photo was taken in 2008 during play time at a primary school in the Pallisa district of northeastern Uganda. Me in Kichwamba My friend took this photo of me in 2009 during a visit to a primary school in the village of Kichwamba in the mountains of western Uganda. ___________________________ The second set of pictures was submitted by Fabian Suwanprateep, see below for details on degree program. ___________________________ Attached three pictures which I have taken during my internship with the UN World Food Programme in 2007/2008 in Madagascar.   I am German-Thai dual degree student from the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy and I am will do my MIA at SIPA. Little boy: in Madagascars capital Antananarivo, malnourished children receive food aid in a supplementary feeding center. Group of villagers: In Manakara, a group of people who participate in the Food for Work project are gathering at a food distribution side to receive their rations. Old Couple: I took this picture in Tangainony, at the South East coast of Madagascar. The people in this remote town are facing tuberculosis and leprosy. Supplementary to government sponsored medical treatment, WFP is providing them with food aid.

The Future of Physician Assistant Education Stop Stealing Dreams

Have you heard of Seth Godin's free education manifesto Stop Stealing Dreams? In this manifesto, he discusses the history of education in America. How it was tailored to create "cogs in an industrial machine" rather than the much-needed linchpin's necessary to drive future innovations. "School has become an industrialized system, working on a huge scale, that has significant byproducts, including the destruction of many of the attitudes and emotions wed like to build our culture around." "In order to efficiently jam as much testable data into a generation of kids, we push to make those children compliant, competitive zombies." At times I fear the education of doctors and PAs has headed in a similar direction. While attending conferences or reading through required CME I fear we have become cogs in a pharmaceutical machine. One trick ponies taught to think pill first, everything else a distant second. If we want to create great PAs of the future it starts with giving our current generation of students the tools they need to overcome the cognitive dissonance that resonates in today's medical field. The one that sees an obese, diabetic patient with hypertension as the perfect candidate for Metformin and a new script for Lipitor. Rather than a perfect case for the intense lifestyle interventions and hard work necessary to actually improve long term health. I am afraid many in today's generation have allowed themselves to be limited by fear. Industrial, scaled-up, measurable structure means that fear must be used to keep the masses in line. Theres no other way to get hundreds or thousands of kids to comply, to process that many bodies, en masse, without simultaneous coordination. A Physician Assistant Education of the Future: Now students have access to more than just the medical textbooks and the best advertising big pharmahas to offer. We can break the cycle of prescriptions and compliance. With this comes empowerment and better health care for our patients. Also, a greater responsibility. To be advocates for our patients, pioneers of new innovations that offer integrated approaches to health care solutions. Not passive observers to a health care industry plagued by misinformation, a pharmaceutical focused approach to patient health at a cost to our patients that is truly non-sustainable. You may also like -Cookie Cutter Medicine The Future of PAs and The Future of Medicine One of the most popular books ever written on building a business is called the E-Myth Revisited, and here's what the author, Michael E. Gerber says about the perfect business model: The model will be operated by people with the []What it Means to be a Physician Assistant: My Journey to PA-CFor lot's of people,medicine is a calling. Is it your calling? When I was in college all I could think about was providing healthcare to those in need. I am not sure where this desire came from, but it was somethingI aspired to from []Why Do You Want to be a Physician Assistant?Have you spenthours thinking about your answers to why you want to be a PA? Do you have the perfect pre-formulated answer just waiting to deliver; hook, line and sinker? Or, maybe you are approaching this question as I did: You []

Body Fluids in Caren Campano Criminal Case Free Essay Example, 1250 words

Caren Campano mysteriously disappeared from her Oklahoma City home after having a fight with her husband. Upon encounter with the detectives, Caren s husband allowed them to look around the house and this inevitably proved to be his huge mistake. The detectives found a huge stain on the master bedroom s carpet which appeared to be a bloodstain. The forensic department performed numerous tests on the sample which are listed below: Microcrystal Hema Stick test: The blood testing kit utilizes a blood sensitive chemical to identify human blood in samples collected from the crime scene. The Hema stick test was performed on the sample collected from the bedroom carpet of Caren s house. The test came out to be positive because the sample indeed contained human blood. Luminol: The chemical luminol is a crystalline solid which produces chemiluminescence upon contact with blood. The Luminol spray is used to identify bloodstains which are not visible through the naked eye. Luminol is one of th e most popular blood identifying techniques that forensic investigators use to detect traces of blood at a crime scene. The crime scene is evenly sprayed with luminal and traces of blood are identified by the eerie blue illumination produced by the chemical in darkness. We will write a custom essay sample on Body Fluids in Caren Campano Criminal Case or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Detailed information is interpreted from the pattern of bloodstains formed at the crime scene. The pattern formed helps determine the track of blood and the number of blows inflicted. Moreover, the pattern also provides information about the location and position of the weapon used by the killer to inflict the wounds.

M1- Discuss the Role of Energy in the Body Essay - 679 Words

M1- Discuss the role of energy in the body In our bodies we need energy so that we could do things that are possible such as; move our muscles, talk and all the other things that we do. Without energy all humans would be useless not being able to do anything. Energy is needed to extract the oxygen from the areas in our bodies and diffuse it into our bloodstream. As warm blooded we can only digest food and function if our bodies are at a certain temperature and have enough energy, and energy is required for this. We need energy to move our muscles which also only operate when they are warm. Coldblooded humans use the energy from the environment as well as from their food. Energy is the capacity to do work in our bodies. That means doing†¦show more content†¦Your weight stays about the same if the energy from food matches the energy requirements of the body. All of the chemical processes of the cell are called metabolism. The breakdown or degradation of complex organic molecules to yield simple molecules and energy is called catabolism. Anabolism is the total biosynthetic processes where large complex molecules are made from small simple molecules. Anabolic processes require energy because order is being created and thus work must be done. Overall, both processes of metabolism must occur concurrently because catabolism provides the energy necessary for anabolism. Role of energy in the cells: The body and cells need a constant supply of energy for a variety of reasons. Energy is needed to carry out mechanical work which involves the change in location or orientation of a body part or the cell itself. A major example is the energy required for the contraction of muscles. Molecular transport also requires energy. The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration requires energy since this is opposite to the normal movement of molecules. This process is also called active transport. Examples include the movement of nutrient raw materials into a cell and the movement of waste materials out of the cell. Electrical work is also included under molecular transportShow MoreRelatedAssignment Brief to Break Down Unit 5 Health and Social Care Level 11545 Words   |  7 Pagesorganisation of the body as a whole, and then builds on this to develop a more detailed knowledge of the fine anatomy and physiology of the systems involved in energy metabolism. Functional Skills Development: This assignment will give you the opportunity to develop skills in Level 2 English, Math’s and ICT. The functional skills being improved will be identified at the end of each task. Learning outcomes On completion of this unit a learner should: 1 Know the organisation of the human body 2 UnderstandRead MoreM1,M2, M3 Anatomy and Physiology1612 Words   |  7 PagesM1. Discuss the role of energy in the body The three systems in our body that work together are cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive systems which supply energy to the cells of the body. I will be describing their role of energy in the body system; also I am going to explain the physiology of the three named body systems in relation to energy metabolism. Respiratory System The respiratory system consists of tissues and organs in our body which are formed into groups. The system includes airwaysRead MoreRole Of The Liver And Pancreas947 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction This assessment will explain what the role of the liver and pancreas is and how it aids digestion, including what they produce and how this makes the digestive system efficient. It will also include the interaction of the circulatory and respiratory systems during exercise and at rest and how they work separately and together. Lastly, it will discuss what could go wrong with these systems and how it will affect the horse. The Pancreas (M1) Figure 1 Pancreas Diagram (Anon, Unknown) StructureRead MoreUnit 4.22724 Words   |  11 PagesUnit 5- Anatomy and physiology Unit 5.4 P4 M1 D1 P4- Explain the Physiology of Two Named Body Systems in Relation to Energy Metabolism in the Body M1-Discuss the Roles of Energy in the Body In this assignment I will be explaining the physiology of the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system. Whilst explaining the two body systems I will be explaining energy production, process of cellular respiration, the role of enzymes within these body systems, the way that these systems absorbRead MoreThe Second Order Of Discretization Model901 Words   |  4 Pagesterm. Assuming no body forces acting so cancel out body force term (u ∂u/dx+v ∂u/dy)=-∂P/∂x (u ∂v/dx+v ∂v/dy)=-∂P/∂x This model is for viscous flow which is not used in the simulations, rather the inviscid model is used in the setup so has a different method of formulating results. Also Q6c. State whether you included the energy equation in your CFD calculation and the reason why you made that decision. (3 marks) The energy equation predictsRead MoreEnergy Metabolism: Cardiovascular and Digestive Systems1865 Words   |  8 Pagestwo named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body In your role as a health and social care professional in a respite care home you have been asked to prepare a booklet to explain to your client group how the body requires and uses energy. You should produce an information booklet that gives an overview of how energy is produced and utilised in the body. You booklet should include information on: * Energy forms * Energy laws * Why the body needs energy and whereRead MoreSociological Perspectives On Health And Social Care3443 Words   |  14 PagesIn the 19th century, Marxism was inspired by two men Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. These two men were German theorists who were living in Britain. The governmental professionals are of Marxists viewpoints and beliefs. Marxism has played a massive role in the influencing of many structural beliefs and many social movements. Marx’s view on social change is due to the struggle between different classes within society who are constantly competing with each other to improve their way of life and theRead MoreComplementary Therapies2044 Words   |  9 PagesRenwick Complimentary Therapies P1, P2, P3, P4, M1, M2, D1 P3 - Explain the principles and practices for complementary therapies M1 Discuss complementary therapies that are available for users of health and social care services Acupuncture Acupuncture comes from Latin origin as is a Chinese form of medicinal treatment in which many, many tiny needles are inserted into various parts of the skin. Particular places of the body, referred to as energy lines are targeted in order to relieve painRead MoreP4 M1 And D12406 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿An explanation of the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body. (P4) In this assignment I will be explaining the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body, the Respiration system and the Digestive system. I will start off by giving a definition of energy metabolism in the body. Metabolism in the body is a collection of chemical reactions that takes place in the body’s cells. Metabolism converts the nutrients in theRead MoreHealth Implications Of An Individual Under Metabolic Stress2590 Words   |  11 Pagesinclude, the study of an individual’s dietary intake and the body’s reserves of macro and micro nutrients, which will be related to possible health implications for this individual due to metabolic stress. Furthermore this study will then go on to discuss possible preventions/management of this nutritional disease, with the focus on biochemical process of nutrient metabolism as a source of potential management. Also, the social/public health aspect of the disease shall also be considered when developing

Democracy And The Anc Of South Africa - 2059 Words

Democracy and The ANC â€Å"We the people of South Africa, recognise the injustices of our past; Honour those who suffered for justice and freedom in our land; Respect those who have worked to build and develop our country; and Believe that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, united in our diversity. We therefore, through our freely elected representatives, adopt this constitution as the supreme law of the Republic†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996). South Africa’s past is one that is rooted in inequalities and injustices; racism and subjugation. Our Constitution was promulgated into law by South Africa’s first democratically elected President, Nelson Mandela, twenty years ago in 1996. It is considered to be a Constitution second to none in the world. Our Bill of Rights, which was drafted taking very careful consideration of our country’s painful non-democratic history, is widely regarded as a document that is a global standard of human rights. The South African constitution was drawn up through an extensive multi-party negotiation process. The result of this process was a cohesive, highly influential document. Initially declared as our country’s Interim Constitution in 1993, this document allowed for all South Africans to make the transition from apartheid to democracy. Post the country’s watershed democratic elections in April 1994, the Interim Constitution was taken through a further consultative process involving the publicShow MoreRelatedWhat ´s an Ideology?1412 Words   |  6 Pagesto examine, compare and contrast the political ideologies of two major political parties in post- apartheid South Africa. South Africa has a multi-party political system that incorporates thirteen parties who sit in parliament or the national assembly. The national assembly consists of 400 seats and for a party to have majority rule on decision making they have to have a 2/3 majority. South Africas Parliament is made up of the National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces. The NationalRead MoreNelson Mandela is a Worldwide Influence973 Words   |  4 Pagesstriving to make a large impact on not only South Africa, but the world as well (Schoemaker). Nelson Mandela is a major worldwide influence due to his key role in the transformation of South Africa from apartheid to democracy, the numerous charities he established and supported, and his lifelong dedication to ending racial segregation permanently in South Africa. Nelson Mandela was key in the transformation of South Africa from apartheid to democracy. He was the youngest son of a respected AfricanRead MoreThe War I And World War II881 Words   |  4 Pages INTRODUTION 2 Rolihlahla Mandela was born in July 18th of 1918 in a village called Mvezo, situated in South Africa. He attended a Christian school where he was given the name Nelson as it was a custom to give Christian names to school children (Moloko, 2014). He was from a very poor family and always wanted to help his people out of such poverty. His parents raised him telling stories of their ancestors’ accomplishments and he begun to dream of doing the same, which indeed he did. DRAWINGRead MoreEssay on Ending Of Apartheid In South Africa627 Words   |  3 Pagestogether led to an eventual reform in South Africa of equality and democracy for everybody. However, the factor which I think played the most important part in the ending of apartheid was releasing ANC leader Nelson Mandela in 1990. Not only did it symbolise a fresh start for the country, but also a new found uniformity of its people. At the time, this move by the government was quite unexpected, but in retrospect, an inevitability. The prime minister of South Africa in 1989 was PW. Botha, however afterRead MoreWhat Did The Release Of Nelson Mandela And The Willingness Of Fw De Klerk?2325 Words   |  10 PagesAshleigh Blieden 12MT Key 2 Hyde Park High School Stage 4 To what extent did the release of Nelson Mandela and the willingness of FW De Klerk to work with the African National Congress, help bring democracy into South Africa? â€Æ' Contents Page †¢ Cover Page 1 †¢ ContentsRead MoreConcetps of Democracy and South Africa1071 Words   |  4 Pagesconcepts of democracy are more narrow, whilst thick concepts of it take a much broader stance.(Democracy Index 2012:5) Both definitions include the fundamental electoral requirements of a democracy whilst the thin concepts seem to stay within this minimalist realm(Democracy Index 2012:5) and the thick definition encompasses more political freedoms, adding civil liberties to the list of requirements as well.(Democracy Index 2012:26) Dahls version of polyarchy and Freedom Houses electoral democracy are examplesRead MoreNelson Mandela Paper1054 Words   |  5 Pages5/17/13 South Africa’s Hero When most people think of a prominent figure in South Africa one name always comes to mind; Nelson Mandela. Imagine a time in South Africa when, similar to old America, whites held most of the power. Due to the previous conflicts of the European countries in South Africa, there were many Europeans who heavily discriminated against the original African people. This is exactly the type of place Mandela was born into. Born in 1918, his family was part of a common South AfricanRead MoreThe Apartheid Of South Africa1608 Words   |  7 PagesFrom 1948 to 1994, South Africa functioned under the policy of apartheid, a system of racial segregation and white supremacy in which nonwhite racial groups were deprived of their South African citizenship and forced to live separately from whites. Stripped of their rights and marginalized in a country where they were in fact the majority, nonwhites launched strikes and campaigns of passive resistance against the all-white South African government. O ne freedom fighter stood out amongst the rest:Read MoreThe Legacy Of Nelson Mandela1350 Words   |  6 Pagesthe world’s most significant freedom fighter. His numerous acts and protests flooded South Africa with immense pride and peace and therefore grew South Africa into a thriving, substantial economy with minimal racial boundaries. Nelson Mandela was a prominent political leader who brought a dynamic end to the apartheid struggle, fought for equal rights of all individuals, and became the nation’s first black South African leader. Though Mandela experienced a normal childhood, he soon felt the hardshipsRead MoreThe ANC and PACs Influence on the Fall ofo the Apartheid Regime in South Africa1570 Words   |  6 PagesSince its colonization by England and the Dutch, South Africa’s government struggled under power hungry colonial leaders and most recently under the white dominated Apartheid regime. Before colonization, South Africa was ruled by different trib es each having jurisdiction over their section of land. Eventually, South Africa like so many other Africa countries, fell victim to European colonization. The first European settlers were Dutch, who arrived in 1652 and worked for the Dutch East India Company

What Makes Life So Precious - 882 Words

What makes life so precious? Is it the fact that our decisions determine whether we change in one day? We are born in a day, we die in a day, and can fall in love in a day. But we forget the life we take for granted the most, Earth. In the Visual argument, a lung-shaped forest is depicted with a dying right lung. Deforestation is slowly eating at Earth and causing oxygen levels to plummet. In the image, the creator shows our environment s struggle to produce oxygen due to mankind’s greed, deforestation, and illegal logging. Mankind s greed has never been satisfied since the beginning of time. Human beings are always looking for a way forward and are never satisfied even when a job is considered done. Something always has to be bigger, faster, and stronger, hence the reason why humans are separated from everything in the animal kingdom. In the visual argument, mankind’s greed is exhibited as the lung in the picture. The missing vegetation on the bottom right lung symbolizes the greed and unnecessary poaching us as humans have committed. Another way the reader might perceive the picture might be that the lack of water in the streams resembling the over consumption of water we use. Forested watersheds generally offer higher-quality water than watersheds under alternative land uses. Quality can also be higher because forests sometimes help to regulate soil erosion and reduce sediment load, although the extent and significance of this function will vary. Without our forestsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of `` Sapphire s Novel `` Push ``1570 Words   |  7 Pagesreaders. The story follows Precious through two years of her life, during which she experience all the emotions that Sapphire imposes on the reader. This is to make readers empathize with Precious. Sapphire carefully chooses her words, using specially chosen phrases at certain integral points in the novel. By doing so, she gives each word significant meaning. Her language usage emphasizes Precious’ intelligence, something that is continually questioned throughout the novel. Precious is often reduced toRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Push, By Sapphire866 Words   |  4 Pagesthe book Push, by Sapphire, Precious is trapped in two different worlds, one world of hurt and pain while the other is a world that consists of encouragement, and enlightenment. She is conflicted and confused because of the suffering and trauma caused by her father, Carl. A mother, who disowns her and continuously abuses her at home. Precious feels invisible and worthless at home and in the second grade at school. On page 36 Precious says, â€Å"When I go sit down boyz make fart sounds wif they mouf likeRead MorePrecious: A Case Study Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Precious: A Case Study Kristan Hughart Wilmington University Precious: A Case Study The move Precious (based on the novel â€Å"Push† written by Sapphire), depicts the life of a 16 year old girl named Claireece â€Å"Precious† Jones. The story is set in Harlem, NY in 1987. Precious has suffered severe abuse throughout her life by both of her parents. She has seemed to have slipped through the cracks of the system from family, the school system, child services, as wellRead MorePrecious1153 Words   |  5 PagesPrecious: A Case Study Use sociological concepts to make sense out of the life of 16 year old Clareece Precious Jones (an overweight, illiterate African-American teen in Harlem), as depicted in the 2009 film Precious. It’s based on the novel Push by Sapphire. Note: Precious (part 1) and Precious (part 2) are two separate assignments with different dues dates, even though both sections are presented in this single document. Please check the Course Calendar for the different due dates. PreciousRead MoreTheory of Neurosis from Karen Horney1721 Words   |  7 PagesThe following is an essay is based on the theory of neurosis from Karen Horney, and applied to the lead character of the movie Precious. Precious, the movie is based on the life and times of a character, Clarisse Precious Jones, who was raised in Harlem in the late 1980’s. She was raped by her father from an early age, which is revealed closer to the end of the movie, and ends up having two children from him; one of which is a â€Å"mongoloid†. Her relationship with her mother is also on rocky round andRead MoreThe, Better Know By Her Pen Name Sapphire1133 Words   |  5 PagesPush  tells the story of Claireece â€Å"Precious† Jones, an illiterate black street girl, sixteen years old and pregnant with her father’s second child. Lofton was the victim of childhood sexu al assault. In 2010 she told the London Evening Standard that her father had molested her at age 8. Her mother abandoned their family five years later. Lofton experienced first hand what the consequences of child abuse caused to her family. The result was her story played by Precious. To give a general overview ofRead MoreArt in Raw Form1434 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversial issue. â€Å"The Blind Side† and â€Å"Precious† are two movies that I was very surprised at my reaction to them. My reasons for wanting to see both movies were as different as night and day. I went to see the â€Å"Blind Side† because it is based on a true story and Sandra Bullock is the leading lady. Yet, â€Å"Precious† doesn’t have a famous leading lady, but the previews were so intense and so realistic that it pulled me in. â€Å"The Blind Side† and â€Å"Precious† are movies about over-weight, illiterate,Read MoreThe Film Precious by Lee Daniels Essay1002 Words   |  5 Pages When you think of the word â€Å"poverty† or â€Å"poor† what comes to mind? Some think of hunger, minorities, dirty areas, women, and homeless people. What about when you hear the term â€Å"abuse†? For most people, abuse means physical; getting beat up or hit. Although abuse can mean getting beat up or hit, there is far more that follows. Abuse can take on many forms like physical, emotional or sexual. The film Precious by Lee Daniels, based on the novel Push by Sapphire, encounters not only the obvious sexualRead MoreThoughts and Ideas on Saphires quot;Pushquot; Essay654 Words   |  3 Pagesaround the life of one Precious Jones. Her life is scarred with rape, molestation, pregnancy, poverty, the HIV virus, illiteracy, and countless other instances which could be classified as unfortunate. My initial reaction to this novel was that I couldnt believe that all of these bad things can happen to one person. It seemed that as the text progressed, we found out mor e troubling details of Precious life. At the begging in it was tough to fully comprehend what was being said, as Precious writingRead MorePrecious Psych1332 Words   |  6 Pagesthe parenting style of Precious’ mother? How did this parent style impact Precious in terms of her physical, cognitive, social and moral development? Provide very specific examples. Precious’ mother exhibit’s extremely authoritarian parenting style and some aspects of neglectful parenting. Her authoritarian parenting comes in the form of her need to always be in control and exerts that control on Precious. She always wants things to be done her way and does not give precious a chance to have a say

Muslim Immigration Free Essays

The sentiments supporting Muslim immigration into this country misses one important aspect of the Islam faith. Their Quran teaches annihilation of all kafir civilizations (that’s us). Deadly anti-Christian attacks are commonplace in the Muslim world; over 2,000 in just the last three years, including church bombings and the slaughter of any who refused to convert to Islam. We will write a custom essay sample on Muslim Immigration or any similar topic only for you Order Now At a time when we need to be alerted to these dangers, political and religious leaders, as well as the media, are instead joining the Muslim Brotherhood-manufactured battle against â€Å"Islamophobia.† In the face of the Islam-inspired genocide of Christians, this strikes me as a grotesque inversion of priorities. I put â€Å"Islamophobia† in quotes because a phobia is an irrational fear. If you check history, including recent history, people should have reasonable fear of authentic Islam. These true historical facts, were all by Muslims: 1968, Robert Kennedy, shot/killed. 1972, Munich Olympics, Israeli athletes kidnapped/massacred. 1972, Pan Am 747, Cairo. Hijacked/blown up. 1973, Pan Am 707, grenade attack. Rome. 33 killed. 1979, Iranian US Embassy takeover. 1980’s, Americans kidnapped. Lebanon. 1983, Beirut. US Marine barracks blown up. 1985, cruise ship Achille-Lauro hijacked, 70-year-old American passenger thrown overboard in his wheelchair. 1985, TWA Flight 847, hijacked. Athens, US Navy Diver, rescuing passengers, murdered 1988, Pan Am Flight 103, bombed. 1993, World Trade Center, bombed (first time). 1998, US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, bombed. 2001, four airliners hijacked/crashed. World Trade Center/Pentagon. Thousands killed. 2002, US fought Afghanistan war against Muslims. 2002, reporter Daniel Pearl, kidnapped/beheaded. 2013, Boston Marathon bombing, four killed, 264 injured. 2015 Chattanooga, Tennessee military center, five killed 2015 Inland Regional Center, San Bernardino, California, 14 killed 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting, 49 killed, more wounded 2017 — New York, eight pedestrians killed/dozen injured near World Trade Center Regrettably, singular focus on terroristic atrocities are misleading. It feeds into the narrative that the threat of Islam is limited to a handful of extremists. But, there is a much bigger problem: widespread and unrelenting persecution of Christians and Jews is found in every Muslim society and in Europe. The attitude of Muslims toward non-Muslims is not one of hate, fear, or envy, but rather contempt. The pervasive nature of the persecution, including discrimination, intimidation, rapes, abductions, forced conversions and the destruction of homes/churches, suggests that it stems from the core texts and teachings of mainstream Islam itself, not a distortion of Islam. Muslims have not misinterpreted Islam †¦ more likely the misunderstood are those who, though well-intentioned, have no real-life experience of Islam. Islam is presented as a religion of peace and justice, not unlike Christianity. But, Muslims and Christians do not share a common faith. These misguided statements aren’t based on teachings nor history of Islam, but ignorance. Read the Quran yourself. This aggressively, anti-Western culture which has a hold on Europe was enabled by immigration policies based on an uncritical view of Islam. Europeans, naively assuming Muslims would assimilate to Western values, are forced to acclimate to Islamic values— polygamy, misogyny, honor violence, female genital mutilation and anti-Semitism. Jews are fleeing Europe in numbers unseen since the Nazi era. With just 4 million Muslims in the 66 million UK population, there are over 3,000 mosques, 130 Sharia courts, 50 Sharia councils, numerous â€Å"no-go† areas, approximately 70 percent of Muslims on free benefits/housing, and Muslim mayors in leading cities. Europeans are losing their civilization, not because they are â€Å"Islamophobic,† but, because of ignorance of Islam. They obediently accepted the â€Å"peaceful† depiction of Islam, presented to them by social and governmental elites, and are paying the price. Hijrah is the takeover of a nation without going to war. Never before has our immigration policy threatened our current way of life, Republican form of government, and our moral base. It’s sobering. Yet, our clergy, political leaders and media are guilty of promoting the same pleasant picture of Islam and immigration that has thrown Europe into chaos. We need to correct our course fast. How to cite Muslim Immigration, Papers

Explore the different social attitudes to digital communications that are affecting language free essay sample

A teenager composes a text message on a mobile phone using abbreviations Multimodal talk is any kind of conversation that is not face-to-face. It means texting on mobiles or smartphones. It also means tweeting, emails and all kinds of online chat services. Here are some of the features you will need to consider when you compare multimodal talk with face-to-face talk: Turn-taking We have already noted that speech is never like the clear, crafted dialogue of films or novels. There are false starts, interruptions and repetition. People talk over each other, finish each others sentences or mishear other people. Unlike face-to-face conversations, multimodal interactions obey strict rules of turn-taking as lines cannot appear at the same time. Often this means communicators have more time to craft their responses. In multi-person chat-rooms, however, it can be difficult to follow the different threads of conversation as everyone types at once, but the contributions appear in sequence. Speed even in quick, one-to-one forms of communication, most people still talk faster than they type. In order to improve the speed of response in multimodal conversations, people use short forms, for example: Contractions, (eg uni for university) Clippings (goin for going or hav for have, tmrw for tomorrow). Abbreviations such as acronyms or initialisms for physical reactions (LOL for laughing out loud). Letter and number homophones (words that sound the same as others) are also ways of speeding up typing (B for be or gr8 for great. ). This kind of spelling has been partly driven by the difficulty of typing on small handsets. As technology changes and typing on phones becomes easier (for example, with enhancements to predictive texting or better onscreen keyboards) it is possible the way we spell in multimodal chat could change again. Accent and dialect one reason for giving alternative spellings to Standard English is to express a strong online identity (not always the same as real-world identity). This may be an expression of non-conformity. It may also be an expression of accent. Spelling can therefore become phonetic spelt according to how it sounds, rather than how it is represented in Standard English. Coupla for couple of Nuff for enough Da for the Gotta for got to Dya for do you tonite for tonight Tone personal and personalised forms of spelling and expression dominate multimodal conversations. Emails often do not begin with the formal address of the letter (Dear Sir or Madam). They instead begin with hi or hello, even to people we may not know that well. The reason is because the technologies themselves are personal and personalised. They have also been embraced most enthusiastically by young people, from teenagers to young urban professionals. Language and tone therefore become informal. Multimodal technologies have become so central to the way we live and communicate that the informal multimodal tone has started to influence face-to-face interaction. An example of this is when politicians call themselves by their first name and do not wear ties. Also, high street banks have started using their own ordinary staff as the face and voice of big advertising campaigns. Emoticons one way of communicating non-verbal signals is through small images called emoticons. These express a writers mood or signal a change to the meaning of plain text (for example ;) is a winking grin used to show someone is not serious or is sharing an in-joke). Emoticons are a way of preventing multimodal statements from being ambiguous. For example, is a comment positive or negative about something? Emoticons are a way for multimodal talk to compensate for not having any non-verbal communication. The range of emoticons increases all the time. Emoticons offer a softer, cartoon-like quality to gestures and can make multimodal conversation less confrontational or aggressive. Raised volume: writing in capital letters can signify shouting in an aggressive way. Therefore you can make multi-model talk more or less confrontational using emoticons or capital letters. Final thoughts Multimodal conversations have developed a whole new form of communication. Consider the following questions about multimodal talk. Does the informal tone of multimodal communication mean remote conversations are generally more personal or intimate than face-to-face conversations? Are digital technologies empowering? Do they give people more and better ways of expressing themselves? Or do they stop people having real one-to-one conversations where they can share real emotions? What will the impact be of future technologies? It is now possible to have live, face-to-face conversations over our mobile phones. But will everyone want to? What are the implications of communicating with someone without looking at them? Key Terms Turn-taking the way people take part in a multimodal conversation Sound representation used when typing (EEK, woooow) Emoticons symbols used to express facial or emotional reactions Abbreviations internet slang, eg LOL for laugh out loud (also known as an initialism). Phonetic spelling spelling words according to how they sound, not their correct spelling (eg hav instead of have, gr8 instead of great). Now try a Test Bite. Page: 1 2 3 4 Back Back to Spoken Language Study index Activity Revision Map Revision Map Get some direction with a Bitesize revision map . Links Play Factmaster Bitesize Factmaster Play against the clock in this fun, fast-paced game on Facebook. . On Bitesize GCSE Bitesize Drama On bbc. co. uk BBC Skillswise BBC Routes of English On the web GCSE. com S-Cool! Revision Guide Revision Centre Revision World .. Home Art Design Business Studies Design Technology DiDA Drama English English Literature French Geography German History ICT Irish Maths Music Physical Education Religious Studies Science Spanish Audio Games Message Boards KS3 Bitesize BBC Schools Welsh 2nd Language BBC iD Sign in Search term: BBC navigation News Sport Weather iPlayer TV Radio More†¦ . BBC links Mobile site Terms of Use

Business Strategy Market of Retail

Question: Describe about the Business Strategy for Market of Retail. Answer: Introduction The Wesfarmers Company that started as a small Co-operative has spread itself into the Australian and New Zealand market of retail. This leap has been the result of a sequence of reasons. Organisation needs to follow a road map to develop its business. It also can be called blueprint of the business. From the beginning should focus on the ultimate outcome for this the organization have to segment,target and position its product. For proper market survey they use marketing mix. In this report, the researcher will try to analyse the external and the internal situations facing Wesfarmers. Also, the reasons which led to the companys immense success. The researcher analyse the internal factors as well as the external factors along with the PESTEL and SWOT analysis. About the company Wesfarmers, started as a small co-operative company providing access for Australian farmers to reach markets. Slowly they expanded their business moving into full fledged retail. Their position has been confirmed through comparing their net profits. The company has today commitments in Australia, Bangladesh, United Kingdom, New Zealand and Ireland. The company has undertaken multiple companies among which the most renowned ones are Bunnings Warehouse, Coles Supermarkets, Coles Express, Harris Technology, Bi-Lo and many more (Henson, 2012). Internal Analysis of Wesfarmers It is to be noted that the internal analysis of a company is to focus on the various factors that are the companys strengths as well as weaknesses. In this environmental analysis and this internal analysis the researcher will explore the various factors of Wesfarmers Company like their management talent, various resources and capabilities (Ommani, 2011). The Wesfarmers corporation has been in the retail business for the last 100 years and more and today they are the single largest private employer, but they have previously declared that they are finding it hard for retaining the talent. The Wesfarmers is a diverse team of workers employing around 205000 employees under its various subsidiaries. The company, which reached its peak in the last decade has employed some of the best people for their various job roles. These are one of the leading reasons for the growth of the company (Hassan, 2014). Management skills are evident in the growth of the company. The management and planning of the corporation play an important part in the business and the way the company operates. Attracting talented leaders have been one of the leading ways to see a steady growth in the sector. The Company has increased ways for it to retain talent by providing their existing leaders with challenging work, giving them the opportunity to grow as a company. Human resources are an important factor of any company and the Wesfarmers is a company that believes in providing ample scope for the development of a persons personal professional capabilities. The proper management of talent becomes an important factor for the company depends on the proper management of the employees and their talents to show good results. With a fleet of 205000 employees and reaching millions of customers it is important that the retail business is controlled in the right way. The Wesfarmers has a strong relationship in the supplier sector, which ensures that all third products are sourced directly from the market ad are of the top quality (Oliver, 2007). The company has a huge capability to grow into a much larger company. It has started venturing into the resources and the mining sector. The company has already made contacts with other countries like the United Kingdom, Ireland and Bangladesh. The company can join the retailing of apparel, which can be easily supplied by the high quality clothing mills that are famous in Bangladesh. The company also has the opportunity to venture into tether retailing industries like Telecom or Aviation. The main focus of the company has been the sectors the include retail so the company can target the non-saturated markets in the retail industry and start investing there (Blackman, 2001). External Analysis Micro Environment PESTEL analysis Political: Wesfarmers has already included themselves in various departments like the Home and office supplies, the retail market, chemicals, energy sector, resources and much more. The Australian government is supportive towards the increase in the holdings of the Wesfarmers group. The company holds a significant amount of resources (Gupta, 2013). Economy: The Australian conglomerate Wesfarmers have taken part of the retail and departmental store business and has under its holdings the leading retailers, namely the Coles and Bunnings companies who have been taken over by the company ensuring that the company holds a significant section of the retail audience under one roof. The increase in disposable income from the Australian buyers has improved the business of the retail sector(Clark, 2003). Social: The local Aussies are involved in farming and have been involved in the shopping from the most popular retail giants Coles, Bunnings etc. The company of Wesfarmers was based on the dealings with the 65 local co-operative companies. Even though the company has become a household name in Australia, but regular advertisement ad marketing ensures that the company sees better customer relationships and commitments from the customer(Hrtel, 2014). Technology: The Wesfarmers has included various steps to increase their productivity, including better ways for them to source materials. They are also trying to get the best way to increase their output through employing better safety and technology. Venturing into the safety sector they are committed towards creating a better and safer company(Khan, 2015). Legal: Wesfarmers has been aided by the casual legitimate arrangement of the Australia where it has a sound law business that help the company to stay away from any kind of illegal activities.. The large conglomerate hardly faced challenges in expanding its businesses(Alam, 2016). Environmental: The Wesfarmers group believes in creating a better footprint on the World, ensuring that the company invests in the betterment of the society. There have been significant issues with the companies under the Wesfarmers group and they each have taken part in creating a better world. Wesfarmers is trying to create a sustainable working environment by creating better opportunities for work for the people at grassroots level. They are promoting diversity, and also engaging in ways to the development of the people. The products sourced by Wesfarmers are done through better negotiation. Ethical sourcing has been largely advertised by the company. The company has also taken steps to reduce emissions and generate less waste and made a pledge to use less water (Henson, 2012). Society: Growing from a small company into the large conglomerate it is today, it is important that the company shows significant dealing with the society. The company has been associated with the society, creating better employment, better resources and better services for the society which have been a significant reason why Wesfarmers has been regarded as a leader (Clark, 2003). Micro Competitors analysis The Wesfarmers is the leading retailer among the Australian economy and has spread its business abroad also. The main competitor of Wesfarmers is the Woolworth Company. After the buyout of Coles, Woolworth has significantly lost the support of stakeholders. The investors are finding Wesfarmers a better investment sector than the main competitor Woolworth. Even thought the main competitor Woolworth has attractive pricings for the retail sector, but the Wesfarmers has also created better pricing through lower costing, and low cost pricing. The main reason for the development of the company was their low cost yet high quality products which have been at the heart of the company even today(Agriculture). Customers analysis Wesfarmers have a diverse base of consumers who are tech savvy and are born in the modern economy, which has seen steady growths in the last few years. The best ways to say this is that the customer base of Wesfarmers is diverging since it has multiple companies under its hat, there is a significant diversity seen in the company customers. Mostly the customers of Wesfarmers group of companies include the young and mid-age people who are habituated in buying their needed groceries, household stuff and other things at one place(IBISWorld, 2016). Suppliers analysis The Wesfarmers group works with the farmers in the Western Australia at first slowly growing into a much larger cooperative company. The supplier system of Wesfarmers is huge which now includes Coles and Buntings which are significant players in their respective retail market. The market of Wesfarmers is not controlled and there is a significant portion of the consumer. SWOT Analysis The company has various strengths which include a huge base of conglomerate companies it includes the leaders among retail businesses in Australia. The company is part of a huge economy which has seen a steady increase in resources and sales. The development of the service sector, the enhancement of the retail business has all increased the potential of Wesfarmers as a company. The Wesfarmers group is quite resourceful and has businesses under various industries which help it absorb the shocks of the economy easily. The increasing number of the companies taken under the Wesfarmers group ensures that the company has enough mettle to fall back on, in case it faces any hardships like a recession. The retail business has been solely controlled by Wesfarmers in the last few years. With the inclusion of Coles and Bunnings into the Wesfarmers group, the company has found significant source of control over the food and household goods market (Hrtel, 2014). The Wesfarmers also has weaknesses which can be a problem, these include the lower prices offered by Woolworths in the retail sector where its subsidiary Coles is a direct competitor. Also expanding its business to the other countries can be a source of weakness for Wesfarmers, since not every economy has the same elements of the business. Since a lot of materials of the retail business are imprinted it makes sense that the outside market may impact the business of Wesfarmers. Opportunities can be seen in better management of the company, which makes it important for Wesfarmers to explore opportunities in other retail sectors and service sectors in the Australia also the other nearby countries. New Zealand has a good economy to invest in where there is a good opportunity to grow in the field of business. Threats of Wesfarmers include the small threats in venturing outside their own country which includes the changing economy, increased pricing, shortage of supplies, the lower commission rates and the government pressure. The Coles and Bunnings under Wesfarmers control a great amount of the market, which has created latest politicians to think about ways to make the market healthy and competitive (Thompson, 2001). Conclusion The above analysis of the Wesfarmers allowed us to carefully investigate the various factors associated with the companys intense growth into the retail market as well as create a business management plan to increase its holdings into other markets and also in other sectors. Throughout the report the researcher has presented the reasons for the Wesfarmers to analysis and make out ways to enter the new booming markets and retain its position as the leading company in Australia. Concentrating on the problems of the company, the various environmental and social situations faced by the company it is to be noted that the company has reached the highs of business in Australia due to its ability to adapt to the changing economy. The ability to increase itself from the starting point, taking over companies and also making the right decisions over the right time. References Agriculture, W. A. (n.d.). Journal, Volume 27. 2005: Pennsylvania State University. Alam, M. N. (2016). Internal and external environment study. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management. Blackman, D. (2001). Talent management: developing or preventing knowledge and capability? National Institute for Governance, University of Canberra . Clark, A. (2003). Senior Australian Agriculture. Pascal Press. Gupta, A. (2013). Environment PEST Analysis: An Approach to External Business Environment. International Journal of Modern Social Sciences,. Hrtel, C. E. ( 2014). Human Resource Management. Pearson Australia. Hrtel, C. E. (2014). Human Resource Management. Pearson Australia. Hassan, S. M. (2014). Top Online Shopping E-companies and their Strength and Weakness . Research Journal of Recent Sciences . Henson, B. ( 2012). Luminous World: Contemporary Art from the Wesfarmers Collection. Fremantle Press. IBISWorld. (2016, September 09). Wesfarmers Limited - Premium Company Report Australia. Retrieved from ibisworld.com.au: www.ibisworld.com.au/car/default.aspx?entid=69 Khan, U. A. (2015). A critical analysis of internal and external environment of apple inc. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management. Oliver, C. (2007). Sustainable competitive advantage:combining institutional and resource based views. Strategic Management Journal, 697713. Ommani, A. (2011). Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis. African Journal of Business Management, 5-9. Thompson, A. A. (2001). Crafting and Executing Strategy: Text and Readings. McGraw-Hill/Irvin.

A Picture Of Dorian Gray Basils Changes As Related To Wildes Opinion O

A Picture of Dorian Gray Basil's Changes As Related To Wilde's Opinion On Art A Picture of Dorian Gray Basil's Changes As Related To Wilde's Opinion On Art Oscar Wilde, author of The Picture of Dorian Gray, makes Basil's life change drastically by having him paint a portrait of Dorian Gray and express too much of himself in it, which, in Wilde's mind, is a troublesome obstacle to circumvent. Wilde believes that the artist should not portray any of himself in his work, so when Basil does this, it is he who creates his own downfall, not Dorian. Wilde introduces Basil to Dorian when Basil begins to notice Dorian staring at him at a party. Basil "suddenly became conscious that someone was looking at [him]. [He] turned halfway around and saw Dorian Gray for the first time" (Wilde 24). Basil immediately notices him, however Basil is afraid to talk to him. His reason for this is that he does "not want any external influence in [his] life" (Wilde 24). This is almost a paradox in that it is eventually his own internal influence that destroys him. Wilde does th is many times throughout the book. He loved using paradoxes and that is why Lord Henry, the character most similar to Wilde, is quoted as being called "Price Paradox." Although Dorian and Basil end up hating each other, they do enjoy meeting each other for the first time. Basil finds something different about Dorian. He sees him in a different way than he sees other men. Dorian is not only beautiful to Basil, but he is also gentle and kind. This is when Basil falls in love with him and begins to paint the picture. Basil begins painting the picture, but does not tell anyone about it, including Dorian, because he knows that there is too much of himself in it. Lord Henry discovers the painting and asks Basil why he will not display it. Lord Henry thinks that it is so beautiful it should be displayed in a museum. Basil argues that the reason he will not display the painting is because he is "afraid that [he] has shown in it the secret of his soul" (Wilde 23). This is another paradox because he has not only shown the secret of his soul, but the painting eventually comes to show the secret of Dorian's soul also. In the preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray, Wilde explains that "to reveal art and conceal the artist is art's aim" (Wilde 17). Basil realizes that he has not concealed himself in the painting and therefore feels the painting is not worth anything. After Lord Henry sees the painting, he asks to meet Dorian. Basil says that would not be good because his "influence would be bad" (Wilde 31). Basil is correct in saying this because Lord Henry is the main person who helps Dorian to destroy himself. Lord Henry disregards Basil's request and meets Dorian anyway. This is the beginning of the end for both Dorian and Basil because Lord Henry's influence pollutes Dorian. Lord Henry taunts Dorian and continues to remind him of all the sin that is building up and that even though his body is not aging, his soul is deteriorating fast. When Basil notices that Dor ian has not changed physically in many years, he is curious to know how Dorian stayed beautiful, but also wants to know why Dorian has changed so much emotionally. Basil does not have the painting on display, but rather keeps it in the attic. When Dorian comes over one day, he and Basil are talking when Basil asks, "I wonder do I know you? Before I could answer that, I should have to see your soul." (Wilde 216) Dorian goes into a rage and takes Basil upstairs to see his soul which is concealed in the painting. When Basil sees the painting which is bloody and atrocious looking, he cannot believe that he painted it. Dorian reassures him that it is indeed Basil's painting. In that painting is all of Dorian's hate, fear, and sadness reduced onto a canvass. When Dorian sees the picture, he blames Basil for it and picks up a knife laying

How to Write a Term Paper Thesis

How to Write a Term Paper Thesis How to Write a Term Paper Thesis There are many tips a student needs to keep in mind while writing a term paper thesis. A student needs to put in as much effort as possible in order to secure a decent grade. First of all, it is imperative that the student starts early and makes sure that their topic is chosen within first seven days, during the next week the student should study the research articles. If the student becomes lazy and does not follow such a schedule, it will create problems for the student. It is important that students take into consideration what interests them when selecting a topic. Students should also make sure that sufficient discussion has taken place with the professor before the topic has been finalized. Regular meetings should continue to take place with the professor to ensure that the student is on the right track, while making sure that the selected topic is neither too narrow, nor too broad. It is always a good idea to see your professor on a regular basis, since the professor will see you are working hard and you will also extract information, regarding proper indexes and catalogs, from the instructor. You should also make a complete list of potential key words that might be used to collect research material for the research topic. It will be best if you try to use mostly primary sources for your research material. Meanwhile, remember tips such as noting down ideas in a separate journal so that you do not forget them, and you can make use of them later. Clearly identify the notes on research material, and point out the areas which are to be directly quoted, and which are to be rephrased. One must be careful to avoid plagiarism since it is still considered a crime if it is detected. Ensure that your paper is checked for plagiarism and corrected before it is submitted. Note taking is also very crucial in order to maintain the progress you have made while making sure that the notes are clear and not vague. If you consider making the notes on a computer then you can easily retrieve them whenever they are required. However, it could complicate things since you will not be able to view all the notes at the same time, so this could cancel out the benefit of ease of access that computer note taking brings. Moreover, it is important that a very good outline for the paper is created before starting to write the paper. This will ensure that the structure of the paper is well managed and systematic, while also making sure that you have covered all the points. You need to ensure that a proper and clear thesis has been stated and that the whole study revolves around that thesis statement. Meanwhile, stating facts and figures is a very crucial element of a research paper. Ensure that the statistics that have been stated on the paper are accurate by checking them several times. Finally, the sources used for the research should be mentioned carefully, and after concluding the essay, there should be sufficient time for the student to proofread the document several times, to ensure the grammar, spelling, and punctuation in the document is flawless. will gladly help with term paper writing on any topic and discipline. Our writers are willing to write high-quality custom term papers from scratch!

Parent's Use of Physical Punishment Increases Violent Behavior Essay

Parent's Use of Physical Punishment Increases Violent Behavior - Essay Example Also, children may develop depression and asocial behavior as they grow old. While some psychologists argue that physical punishments may lead to disciplined children, there are various risks associated with it. By evaluating the risks of physical punishments, I wish to assess the various alternatives to physical punishments so as to bring out a positive upbringing in children. Physical punishment has been associated with adverse consequences in children including aggression, psychopathology, and criminal involvement (Boutwell, Franklin, Barnes & Beaver, 559). Research has proved the positive relationship between physical punishment and aggressive behavior among children (Kandel, n.pag.). Statistical studies have shown a positive correlation between the two variables with a stronger correlation among males. Among children older than five years of age, physical punishment is one of the critical variables that contribute to aggressive or violent behavior. According to Kandel, the terms ‘violence’ and ‘aggression’ are used interchangeably which limits the scope of the study (n.pag.). Aggression among children is calculated on a series of aggressive actions which is then totaled to provide a sum score. However, such methods of coming up with an aggression score lacks consistency and results would be more reliable if there was a standardized methodology. Another important variable that may affect the relationship between physical punishments and aggressive behavior is abuse. While abuse is divided into three categories of low, moderate, and high abuse, its correlation may provide useful information regarding the relationship. Nonetheless, research has provided an important finding pertaining to the relationship between physical punishments and the development of aggressive behavior among children. The development of aggressive behavior is affected by the severity and the frequency of physical punishments. Thus, not all physical punishments are similar and hence not all such punishments lead to aggressive behavior. Physical punishments vary in their intensity as some parents might carry out abusive violence while others may exercise mild physical punishments (Kandel, n.pag.). A study was conducted on a sample containing 3 year old children and the risk of physical punishments was analyzed. Using the spanking frequency at age 3, the aggressive behavior was measured at age 5. The research showed that children who were spanked 2 or 3 times within the same month showed symptoms of aggressive behavior developing at age 5 (Lee, Taylor, Altschul & Rice, 1476). A greater risk of negative outcomes was posed when parents used physical punishment more than twice a month. The early years of an individual’s life are central to their growth and development and that is why physical punishments at a young age expose children to several adverse outcomes. Antisocial behavior is among other adverse consequences of physical punishm ents. However, not all children develop antisocial behavior as a result of spanking although enough evidence is present of the positive relationship between the two variables. It is suggested that a third variable seems to be involved in the aggressive behavior of children. It is also important to consider that not all physical punishments may have the same intensity or frequency. Furthermore, genetic risk factors have been found to be impacting antisocial behavior (Boutwell, Franklin, Barnes & Beaver, 559). But since physical punishme

Assignment 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

1 - Assignment Example It is the very essence and nature of human geography that informs us that the greater the distance a product or service must travel, the less likely the trip will be made. Demand must be sufficient enough to justify the time, effort, and expense. If demand for a product or service is relatively low, and there is not access to those products or services nearby, then it is likely that demand will not be met. If, however, there is a surplus of goods or materials in area that causes demand to easily be met, suppliers will look for viable transport routes to make their goods available to other markets where demand exists (Hesse 75). Finally, before we get this particular case study, it is important to understand that, no matter what the demand for a good or service may be, adequate transferability must exist. If a product is in high demand in a rural area of the world, for example, suppliers must still consider the feasibility and logistics of transporting goods there. There is the human safety to consider, plus the expense to do. If the expense involve in getting a good or service to such an area causes the demand to then weaken, it will likely be determined that the effort is simply not worth it (Zolnik 338). The issue here is whether or not sand and gravel operators in Sault Ste. Marie should begin to use their trucks to deliver their products to Southern Ontario, where prices might be higher. On the surface, businesses would always seem to desire to sell their product for the highest price possible. Spatial interaction, however, teaches us differently. Large trucks, for example, are expensive to maintain. The fuel alone makes traveling long distances cost prohibitive in many circumstances. In order for the gravel operators in Sault Ste. Marie to justify the trip down south, they must be able to account for these extra

Synergies of Product Diversification Strategy

Synergies of Product Diversification Strategy Introduction Nowadays large firms have to survive in the face of economic competition. They have to keep an eye on the competitors performance. Managers try to progress and run their businesses well in order to grow and be competitive. When a large firm has reached a mature life-cycle stage it often has to explore the possibility of how to still grow. Ansoff (cited by Johnson, Scholes and Whittington, 1998) presents four basic growth alternatives: a) increased market penetration, b) market development, c) product development and d) diversification. Choosing the right path is major decision for managers. Finding out if there are reasons which may lead a large firm to prefer diversification, more specific, product diversification as the growth alternative strategy instead of other strategies is a main question. Firms who spread their activities and businesses across different product markets that are more or less related between each other are said to follow a product diversification strategy. (Pils, 2009, p.10) Product diversification strategy definition has evolved during the last decades. Some definitions are evolutional and complementary but some others contradict each other (Goold and Luchs, 1993). Therefore, it is important for managers to have a clear definition. The benefits of product diversification have been divided into two categories depending on the type of diversification: related or unrelated. Related product diversification refers to entries into new products or service businesses that have a connection to the firms existing markets (Peng, 2008). Researches (Hoskisson, 2007) and business experiences (such as Mondi AG, Procter Gamble, CHR plc., etc.) have proven that some of the benefits of this type of diversification are: Operational synergy: economies of scale Utilizing excess productive capacity Reinvesting earnings Unrelated product diversification refers to the development of products or services beyond the current capabilities and value network (Johnson et al. 2008). Some of the benefits and reasons for this type of diversification are: Financial synergy: economies of scope Increasing market power Spreading risk across a range of businesses The challenge for any large firm, once product diversification is chosen as the growth path, is to decide which type of diversification is most appropriate and what strategic plan to follow. Product diversification gives also other challenges to managers such as the need of new skills to manage a wider group of businesses, new techniques, sometimes new facilities, large capital to test the viability of the new product, produce it and market the product, hire and train new employees, etc. Therefore, diversification has some inconveniences as it involves taking a step into a territory where the parameters are unknown to the firm (Peng, 2008). Product diversification can be achieved by acquiring an existing firm in the business it wants to enter, starting up a new business subsidiary or entering into joint ventures. For large firms knowing the different growth strategies including its benefits and inconveniences is fundamental to giving managers practical recommendations. For a better understanding of these fundamental issues this research will analyze whether related or unrelated product diversification strategy leads large firms to exploit more synergies and creates more value for the firm. Based on this research question, the following sub-questions are going to be addressed in this research: Should large firms, such as Mondi AG, aim to focus on related or unrelated businesses to exploit operational synergies? How is Mondis life cycle related to the right time of diversifying? Which recommendations on product diversification strategy can be given to large firms regarding financial synergy? To answer the above questions, I will present a detailed and methodical literature review on product diversification strategy concept, categories, synergies, its relation with large firms life cycle and explore the effects of a financial crisis on large firms who have chosen this type of diversification to identify the appropriate strategy for the research goal. This research is based on the hypothesis that related product diversification is the right strategy to be chosen if operational synergies are to be achieved while for financial synergies, unrelated product diversification strategies are more appropriate. The strength of this hypothesis is tested through a case study of a large firm: The Mondi Group. The Mondi Group has been chosen as the large firm to be explored in this research because it is an international firm with one of its largest teams and headquarters in Austria. Trend, an Austrian financial magazine, ranked Mondi as the 13th top Austrian large firm out of 500 firms in 2008 having 5.159,00 Mio. Euro net sales and 26.425 employees worldwide. Product Diversification In the 20th century many researchers have written about product diversification strategy (PDS). This research will analyse how PDS is seen by managers because of the larger experience there is nowadays. Diversification has been specially growing after the whole post-war period. Whereas in 1950 only around one third of large firms in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom were diversified, by the 1990s it increased to two thirds or more (Whittington and Mayer 2003). Size and Product diversification strategy This research is focused on how large firms have reacted to the different paths of growth. The firm size: small, medium or large is an important parameter while analysing a firm strategy. In the financial and economical studies and researches the relation between size and firm variables remains a controversial subject. Some argue that size is the primary factor that determines structure whether others say that size is irrelevant (Jackson and Morgan, 1978). In my opinion, it is true that product diversification can be applied both by small and large firms, but I believe that a small firm has more limitations and can not fully develop this strategy in its organization due to limited resources: human, financial and technological. I also believe that as a consequence a firm applying product diversification strategy will increase its size. With larger number of products, the complexity of processes and production is greater. Therefore the craft needed is greater. As mentioned before, some researchers agree with this point of view like the study realized by Dewar and Hage (n.d., cited by Jackson and Morgan, 1978) which suggests that large firms facilitate changes in structure in a way that small firms can not afford. On the other hand, Woodward, Zwerman and Harvey (n.d., cited by Jackson and Morgan, 1978) concluded that instead of size, the production systems used by the firms are more connected and explain better the firm structure and feature. In other words, an efficient production system can explain the success of one large or small firm and therefore the relationship between size and differentiation is not linear. Diversification and Product Diversification Strategy Terminology Diversification The root of the word is, obviously, diverse. Pitts and Hopkins (1982) define it as literally meaning different, unlike, distinct, and separate (p.620). Therefore, if this definition is applied to the context of product diversification, we can say that it means firms having their products in various and different lines. Pils (2009) also confirms this definition as he points out that product diversified firms are understood to be active in multiple, distinct product-markets (p.10). The various definitions, forms and ways of managing diversification are the main topics of this research. Product diversification strategy There is a common denominator in the way product diversification is defined in the literature. For instance, Pils (2009) defines it as firms spreading their activities and products across different product-markets that are more or less related between each other. He also affirms that product diversification strategy determines which businesses a corporation should be in, defining the scope of the firms activities and being of high relevance for creating value for the firm. Berry (1971, p.380) defines product diversification as an increase in the number of industries in which firms are active. However, he does not point out that it can be also increasing the number of products in the current industry. Pitts and Hopkins (1982, p.620) consider firms product diversification if operating multiple different businesses at the same time. Hoskisson (2007), on the other hand, says that the firms level of diversification is a function of decisions about the number and type of businesses in whic h it will compete as well as how it will manage the business. These definitions have surely been influenced by the work of Ansoff (1957) in which he presented diversification as a possible growth strategy as mentioned in the introduction. Ansoff presented two ways of diversification: market diversification and product diversification. Although this research only focuses on the product diversification side, few lines are dedicated to explain the difference and characteristics of these two strategies. Market diversification is a strategy that takes the firm from its existing market to new ones. It exploits the current products and capabilities in new markets looking for geographical spread. This strategy is more and more used in the current times where globalization is facilitating the firms internationalisation. It also presents some challenges like cultural barriers, adding management costs and government restrictions among others. Product diversification is about adding new product to the firms portfolio whereas market diversification is about entering in new markets offering the firms current products. Reasons and Challenges Reasons and Motivations for Diversification: Any firm has a start. Normally starting as a small business it focuses on a single product. This is known as a single business strategy. The natural reasons are commonly due to a lack of cash, experience and know-how. Over time, the resources, capabilities and core competences are rooted and stabilized. At that point, firms may choose product diversified strategy, with two broad categories (related or unrelated). Large firms use product diversification strategy for a variety of reasons. Pearce and Robinson, (2005) and Hoskisson ( 2007) mention among others, the following reasons: To increase the growth rate of the firm For a better use of the companies funds than investing them into internal growth To balance the product line Diversifying the product line when the firm has reached its mature life cycle To increase efficiency and profitability, especially, if there is operational or financial synergy To increase the firms value by improving its overall performance To increase revenues or reduce costs To match and neutralize competitors market power To reduce managerial risk To increase the firms size and thus managerial compensation Product diversification challenges The above mentioned reasons and motivations for PDS can also bring along challenges and costs. One could say that PDS needs new facilities, technologies, skills, know-how, employee and managerial training, etc. It is important to know that it can have a great negative impact on the firms current products if a new product is launched with the firms brand name and the product is not well accepted in the market. The reasons for the market rejection can be e.g. lower quality than expected from the firm, high price, poor distribution, etc. At that point, the whole company will be negatively affected by a bad move. This argument is also supported by various authors such as Hoskisson, (2007); Grant, Jammine, and Thomas (1998); Goold and Luchs (1993), (cited by Pils, 2009). They state that some of the challenges are information processing, coordination, and control problems due to increase of information asymmetries difficult for a single business to deal with. In case of applying a PDS a fi rm has to change its structure and adopt new systems. Moreover Hoskisson (2007) elaborates that the data and information a firm using PDS requires is substantially greater. Furthermore increasing portfolio diversity may involve inefficiencies due to growing conflict on top management and a lack of adaptability to environmental change. Product Diversification Strategy Categories: Related Unrelated Product Diversification Strategy As mentioned before, there are two broad categories of PDS: Related and Unrelated. Some authors such as Richard Rumel (cited by Lovallo and Mendoca, 2007), Peng (2008) also categorize PDS as: focused, moderately and highly diversified. These three categories are not deeply explored in this research. But to dedicate some words, it should be mentioned that Richard Rumelt, in 1972, was the first person to statistically prove the linkage between corporate strategy and profitability. He concluded that moderately diversified firms outperform more diversified ones. Lovallo and Mendoca (2007) sustain that this finding has been valid more than 30 years of research. Moreover, a contemporary author, Peng (2008), also points out that some moderate level of diversification is the most optimal. The main focus of this research is whether a related or unrelated strategy is more suitable for large firms while diversifying. Therefore, in the following lines a definition and a detailed explanation of both is presented. Related product diversification can be defined as a strategy that firms can choose as a growing path. As the word related signals, this diversification strategy is focused on products that have a correlation between each other and are related in some way, especially in their core competences. Normally, firms that choose related product diversification as a strategy are sharing a common factor such as the raw material, the technology or the know-how needed to produce different products. Moreover, the products offered by the firm do not necessarily need to be similar. For instance, a firm running a cinema complex and also offering soft-drinks to be sold at the movie theatres is using a related PDS. Even if their products may not be related, they must share some common ground on their value or supply chain. In this case, the customers targeted are the same. Pearce and Robinson,(2005) confirm this by defining related businesses as those relying on same or similar capabilities in order to have success and achieve competitive advantage in their product markets. Major advantages of related PDS are: concentration of strength, exploitation of a market niche, and the development of synergies. A good example, of a firm applying this strategy is CRH, an Irish company who operates in 35 countries with more than 93.500 employees. The CRH Corporate Social Responsibility Report (2007) states that the firm is a diversified building materials group which manufactures and distributes building material products from the fundamentals of heavy materials and elements to construct the frame, through value added products that complete the building envelope, to distribution channels which service construction fit-out and renewal. CRH has three closely related core businesses: primary materials (aggregates, cement, asphalt and ready mixed concrete); value-added building products (pre-cast, architectural, construction accessories, clay, gas, insulation, building envelope products); and specialist building materials (CRH, 2009). CRH initially decided to diversify to gain economies of scope and also to stretch the corporate parenting capabilities. While CRH diversified its market its power i ncreased and consequently it could afford to cross-subsidise one business from the surpluses earned by another, in a way that competitors could not. As an effect, it could drive out competitors. Before going into further details regarding related PDS, a definition of Unrelated Product Diversification is given. In this case, as the word unrelated points out this diversification strategy focuses on firms offering products that have no relation, are not complementary between each other and do not have necessarily the same raw material as their prime and main composition. Moreover, they do not need to share any part of their supply chain (customers, distributor, manufacturer, logistics, etc). For instance, the Easy Group Company is present in several industries and services that have actually no relation. Some of them are: travel companies, car rentals, internet-cafes, cinemas, cosmetics, etc. Stelio Haji-Ionannou, the founder of the company has developed a cost strategy that pretends to apply in all its businesses. It seems that he believes that his formula is valid for any business. Normally the reason why firms choose this path is known to reduce their financial risks. Peng (2008) refers to unrelated PDS as firms entering into industries new lines that have no evident connections to the present firm line of businesses. Furthermore, Hoskisson (2007) says that unrelated PDS occurs when there are no overlapping capabilities other than financial resources. This strategy is also known in the financial literature as conglomerates (Hoskisson, 2007; Peng, 2008; Pearce and Robinson, 2005) It has been widely discussed whether related is more successful or unrelated. To be able to answer this fundamental question the following pros and cons are explored: Human resources: Related product diversification is characterized by the ease of human resources relocation because the skills and capabilities needed for the introduction of the new products are very similar. On the other hand, unrelated PDS requires recruiting new personnel or training current employees in the new fields. (Tallman, 2003) Technologies Obviously, if a firm chooses unrelated PDS, it will probably not be able to share technologies. Therefore, the investment needed to apply this kind of diversification is greater than by applying a related one. Related PDS is characterised by sharing technologies needed to produce the new products. For example, a firm which produces shampoo and introduces hair conditioner may use the same technology. In that way it reduces the investment costs for the new production and gain economies of scope (also see 2.5). Tallman (2003) confirms that related products can increase the use of existing fixed investments and existing capacity for more purposes and more intensively, gaining efficiencies that reduce costs. Additionally, he says that it can improve the efficiency of its existing resource infrastructure by increasing the flow of product to a wider range of customers. Management For managers it is easier to introduce related products than unrelated ones because they are familiar to the industry and can apply the same or similar strategies. For unrelated ones, managers have to learn about the new products and often the strategy used for the current products is not applicable for the new ones. Therefore, managers should experience new strategies which at the beginning may fail. Prahalad and Hamel (1990), said that it is likely that firm managers of unrelated products may be ineffective because the routines and capabilities they have already developed are not applicable one to one to the entire range of businesses. On the other hand it could be argued that it can be effective as top management can concentrate on financial management and costs controls while leaving operational control with each business unit. Competitors It is easier for competitors to imitate the financial economies of a firm than the operational synergies derived from a related PDS. This is due to the fact that operational synergies derived from the use of current know-how, facilities, capabilities and experiences are more difficult to imitate than realizing that a firm is diversifying into new unrelated products based on the percentage of the revenue it can gain. Therefore, it is less likely that competitors will imitate a firm which introduces new related products. Peng and Delios, (2006), and Khanna and Palepu, (2005), (cited by Hoskisson, 2007) sustain that competitors find it easier to imitate financial economies than replicating the value gained by related PDS from the economies of scope developed through operational relatedness. Control Mechanism The principle control mechanism for related diversification is strategic control with rich communication between corporate and business units managers. Financial results are obviously not a fair means to measure the functioning of each business unit. One business unit may have low revenues but its main function is to support the others. For unrelated products, the best way to control is exactly the opposite. The emphasis has to be on financial control (return and investment) to evaluate the units performance. (Peng, 2008) Market saturation When the product a firm is offering is close to a market saturation or obsolescence, the best thing a firm can do is to enter into another market offering unrelated products. In that way the company has an opportunity to grow. It would be a great mistake in a saturated market to introduce related products because the competition is already very high and to get a profitable market share is unlikely. Stabilize Earnings Another reason would be to stabilize the earnings and dividends of a firm in a cyclical industry. In that case, the firm should diversify into an industry with complementary cycles independent of the relation with the current products. Independency Firms that are uncomfortable to be dependent on one product line should diversify into other businesses or industries. In that way the risk is spread and all the weight is not in one product line. All in all the benefits of both categories of diversification do not appear as the result of a magic formula that just happens but as Tallman (2003) and Peng (2008) also sustain it is the result of an active management of resources and capabilities with potential for broader application. Product diversification synergies need to be explored in more detail. Therefore the following section is dedicated. Product Diversification Synergies Pils (2009) explains that the word synergy is derived from the Greek word synergos and literally means working together. In business terminology, synergy is used to describe the ability of two or more business units or firms to make greater value working together than they would do independently (Goold and Campbell, 1998, p.133). Diversifying a large firm is considered economically positive only if synergetic effects between the different businesses units are achieved. As a consequence, the idea of maximizing synergies as the main objective of diversification strategy is presented below. Operational Synergies The emphasis of product related diversification is on operational synergies because in this strategy production resources are shared to have a cost competitive advantage. In the financial literature, the term operational synergy has been used as a synonym for economies of scope (Tanriverdi and Vendkatraman, 2005). Economies of scope and/or operational synergies are the result of two or more business units that share and transfer factors of production, its resources and capabilities. As a consequence the shared production costs will be lower than production costs of each one separately. Peng (2008) defines it as competitiveness increase beyond what can be achieved by engaging in two product markets separately. In other words, firms benefit from lowering unit costs by gaining advantage from product relatedness, i.e. 2+2=5. Some sources of operational synergy are (Peng, 2008): Technologies, such as common platforms Marketing, such as common brands, and Manufacturing, such as common logistics Conscious of these possible synergies, Zodiac a French large firm who in 1930 was focused on inflatable boats and had strong ties to the French army started to introduce new related products to its portfolio. Zodiac created 5 different divisions having inflatable materials as a common denominator. These divisions have been: marine division (recreation, military, professional, safety of life at sea, environmental solutions); pool division (pool sector and pool care and water cleaning, heating, pumps, filters); airline equipment division (passenger seats and on-board toilets and sanitation systems); aerosafety systems division (aircraft escape slides, parachute systems, helicopter floats, and flexible fuel tanks); technology division and aircraft system division. (Zodiac Aerospace, 2009) Zodiac has benefited from the operational synergies through the use of inflatable products technology and has also used market synergies because it has supplied the same customers with different produc ts. Conversely, unrelated diversification does not need to have advanced levels of operational relatedness. Rather, each business unit has its own strategic and operational responsibility and the management can focus on the financial synergies. (Tallman, 2003) Investment synergies are very much related to the operational synergies. It can be argued that one is the consequence of the other or that they are developed hand in hand. Investment synergies are the result of products sharing the same plant, resource and development (RD) and machinery. This is more probable to happen with a related product diversification because of the previous explanations. For unrelated products, the machinery is improbable the same and each product need its own RD. Financial Synergies The means obtaining financial synergy is different from obtaining operational synergies. The key role of firms is to identify and find profitable investment opportunities. The parameter to measure if financial synergies are to be achieved is whether managers can exceed the job of identifying and taking advantage of profitable opportunities compared to external capital markets (Peng, 2008). Hoskisson (2007) defines financial synergies as cost savings realized through a better use of financial assets based on investments inside or outside the firm. Competent internal capital distribution can lead to financial synergies and reduces risk between the firms businesses (Higgings and Schall, 1975). A firm using unrelated PDS may grow, but only internally in each business unit and will not reach operational efficiencies but financial ones. That means, the revenue of each business unit will be greater when functioning as a conglomerate rather than functioning independently. This idea is supported by Peng (2008) who states that competitiveness increases for each unit financially further than what can be achieved by each unit competing independently as an individual firm. Many different products that are not necessarily related offer opportunities of high returns. If a firm is only interested in the returns, unrelated product diversification may be a right path of growth. Sales synergies: These occur from sharing salespeople, warehouses, distribution channels, and advertising. Salespeople have more chances to be able to sell to the same customer a wide range of related products than unrelated ones. Salespeople will try to sell a complete pack of product to the same customer and in that way take advantage of the sales synergies that related product diversification presents. Imagine a company selling sport shoes and refrigerators, in a selling process it is more unlikely to be able to sell both products to the same customer than if he would offer sport shoes and sport clothes. On the other hand, if a firm has developed a well-known brand, the use of the brand-name in other products, related or unrelated, can increase and facilitate sales because it can have build before customer loyalty to the brand. For example, Mars chocolate confectionery successful launched ice-creams. Much of it success could be related to the brand name. So, sales synergies do not occur only withi n related products but also within unrelated ones if the brand name is positively perceived and recognized by the customers. Management synergies It arises from managers accumulating experiences from handling problems in one business unit that can be applied and used to solve problems in a related business unit. Even more, the accumulated experience and know-how allows answering faster to the industry trends and challenges. Managers are able to transfer their skills, experiences and strategies (Enz, 2009, p.222). Contrarily, unrelated product managers can not apply the experience gained from solving the problems of one unit to the other in most cases because the problems are specific for each product. All these synergies can be undermine due to additional layers of management, delays due to organization and information complexity, communication costs for coordination, imaginary synergies that in fact do not exist, incompatible production processes, etc. Therefore while choosing between related and unrelated PDS the mentioned synergy risks have to be taken into account. Research Methodology In this section an explanation of how the data for the case study was collected and how it was analyzed is presented. It is important to know how the data was collected because the method chosen affects the final findings. The information and content of The Mondi Group Case Study was obtained through an expert interview with Mr. Wolfgang Kropiunik, Mondis Marketing Manager of Uncoated Fine Paper. A questionnaire was sent as a guide and overview of the face-to-face interview questions. A meeting for a 40 minutes exploratory semi-structured interview was organized on the 24th of November 2009 at Mondi Headquarter, Vienna. Mondi Group was chosen as the large firm to be analyzed as it is a large firm with more than 33.000 employees worldwide and has its headquarter in Vienna (Mondi, 2009). Therefore the results presented in this research are very much related to Mondis functioning and successful method. It might be possible that if the studied firm had been another one, the results of the research question could have been different. The interview was recorded and the data obtained was transcribed (see appendix). The transcription of the interview allowed a deeper comprehension of Mondis product diversification strategy, synergies and challenges. Moreover, the recommendations presented to the company (see 4.7) are inspired from the challenges Mr. Kropiunik mentioned during the interview. The interview gave a number of information about Mondis life cycle, PDS and challenges especially during the current financial crisis The Mondi Group Case Study Mondi is a large and international packaging and paper firm represented in around 35 countries. In 2008, it had revenues of 6.3 billion EUR and about 33.400 employees (Mondi, 2009). It has a strong presence in Western Europe, Russia and South Africa. Mondis Europe and International Division has its headquarter in Vienna while the corporate headquarter is located in Johannesburg. In Vienna, there are three businesses: Uncoated Fine Paper, Corrugated and Bags Specialties. Mondi has reached to be fully integrated having the control of its supply chain. It grows trees, manufactures pulp and paper and converts packaging paper into corrugated packaging an Synergies of Product Diversification Strategy Synergies of Product Diversification Strategy Introduction Nowadays large firms have to survive in the face of economic competition. They have to keep an eye on the competitors performance. Managers try to progress and run their businesses well in order to grow and be competitive. When a large firm has reached a mature life-cycle stage it often has to explore the possibility of how to still grow. Ansoff (cited by Johnson, Scholes and Whittington, 1998) presents four basic growth alternatives: a) increased market penetration, b) market development, c) product development and d) diversification. Choosing the right path is major decision for managers. Finding out if there are reasons which may lead a large firm to prefer diversification, more specific, product diversification as the growth alternative strategy instead of other strategies is a main question. Firms who spread their activities and businesses across different product markets that are more or less related between each other are said to follow a product diversification strategy. (Pils, 2009, p.10) Product diversification strategy definition has evolved during the last decades. Some definitions are evolutional and complementary but some others contradict each other (Goold and Luchs, 1993). Therefore, it is important for managers to have a clear definition. The benefits of product diversification have been divided into two categories depending on the type of diversification: related or unrelated. Related product diversification refers to entries into new products or service businesses that have a connection to the firms existing markets (Peng, 2008). Researches (Hoskisson, 2007) and business experiences (such as Mondi AG, Procter Gamble, CHR plc., etc.) have proven that some of the benefits of this type of diversification are: Operational synergy: economies of scale Utilizing excess productive capacity Reinvesting earnings Unrelated product diversification refers to the development of products or services beyond the current capabilities and value network (Johnson et al. 2008). Some of the benefits and reasons for this type of diversification are: Financial synergy: economies of scope Increasing market power Spreading risk across a range of businesses The challenge for any large firm, once product diversification is chosen as the growth path, is to decide which type of diversification is most appropriate and what strategic plan to follow. Product diversification gives also other challenges to managers such as the need of new skills to manage a wider group of businesses, new techniques, sometimes new facilities, large capital to test the viability of the new product, produce it and market the product, hire and train new employees, etc. Therefore, diversification has some inconveniences as it involves taking a step into a territory where the parameters are unknown to the firm (Peng, 2008). Product diversification can be achieved by acquiring an existing firm in the business it wants to enter, starting up a new business subsidiary or entering into joint ventures. For large firms knowing the different growth strategies including its benefits and inconveniences is fundamental to giving managers practical recommendations. For a better understanding of these fundamental issues this research will analyze whether related or unrelated product diversification strategy leads large firms to exploit more synergies and creates more value for the firm. Based on this research question, the following sub-questions are going to be addressed in this research: Should large firms, such as Mondi AG, aim to focus on related or unrelated businesses to exploit operational synergies? How is Mondis life cycle related to the right time of diversifying? Which recommendations on product diversification strategy can be given to large firms regarding financial synergy? To answer the above questions, I will present a detailed and methodical literature review on product diversification strategy concept, categories, synergies, its relation with large firms life cycle and explore the effects of a financial crisis on large firms who have chosen this type of diversification to identify the appropriate strategy for the research goal. This research is based on the hypothesis that related product diversification is the right strategy to be chosen if operational synergies are to be achieved while for financial synergies, unrelated product diversification strategies are more appropriate. The strength of this hypothesis is tested through a case study of a large firm: The Mondi Group. The Mondi Group has been chosen as the large firm to be explored in this research because it is an international firm with one of its largest teams and headquarters in Austria. Trend, an Austrian financial magazine, ranked Mondi as the 13th top Austrian large firm out of 500 firms in 2008 having 5.159,00 Mio. Euro net sales and 26.425 employees worldwide. Product Diversification In the 20th century many researchers have written about product diversification strategy (PDS). This research will analyse how PDS is seen by managers because of the larger experience there is nowadays. Diversification has been specially growing after the whole post-war period. Whereas in 1950 only around one third of large firms in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom were diversified, by the 1990s it increased to two thirds or more (Whittington and Mayer 2003). Size and Product diversification strategy This research is focused on how large firms have reacted to the different paths of growth. The firm size: small, medium or large is an important parameter while analysing a firm strategy. In the financial and economical studies and researches the relation between size and firm variables remains a controversial subject. Some argue that size is the primary factor that determines structure whether others say that size is irrelevant (Jackson and Morgan, 1978). In my opinion, it is true that product diversification can be applied both by small and large firms, but I believe that a small firm has more limitations and can not fully develop this strategy in its organization due to limited resources: human, financial and technological. I also believe that as a consequence a firm applying product diversification strategy will increase its size. With larger number of products, the complexity of processes and production is greater. Therefore the craft needed is greater. As mentioned before, some researchers agree with this point of view like the study realized by Dewar and Hage (n.d., cited by Jackson and Morgan, 1978) which suggests that large firms facilitate changes in structure in a way that small firms can not afford. On the other hand, Woodward, Zwerman and Harvey (n.d., cited by Jackson and Morgan, 1978) concluded that instead of size, the production systems used by the firms are more connected and explain better the firm structure and feature. In other words, an efficient production system can explain the success of one large or small firm and therefore the relationship between size and differentiation is not linear. Diversification and Product Diversification Strategy Terminology Diversification The root of the word is, obviously, diverse. Pitts and Hopkins (1982) define it as literally meaning different, unlike, distinct, and separate (p.620). Therefore, if this definition is applied to the context of product diversification, we can say that it means firms having their products in various and different lines. Pils (2009) also confirms this definition as he points out that product diversified firms are understood to be active in multiple, distinct product-markets (p.10). The various definitions, forms and ways of managing diversification are the main topics of this research. Product diversification strategy There is a common denominator in the way product diversification is defined in the literature. For instance, Pils (2009) defines it as firms spreading their activities and products across different product-markets that are more or less related between each other. He also affirms that product diversification strategy determines which businesses a corporation should be in, defining the scope of the firms activities and being of high relevance for creating value for the firm. Berry (1971, p.380) defines product diversification as an increase in the number of industries in which firms are active. However, he does not point out that it can be also increasing the number of products in the current industry. Pitts and Hopkins (1982, p.620) consider firms product diversification if operating multiple different businesses at the same time. Hoskisson (2007), on the other hand, says that the firms level of diversification is a function of decisions about the number and type of businesses in whic h it will compete as well as how it will manage the business. These definitions have surely been influenced by the work of Ansoff (1957) in which he presented diversification as a possible growth strategy as mentioned in the introduction. Ansoff presented two ways of diversification: market diversification and product diversification. Although this research only focuses on the product diversification side, few lines are dedicated to explain the difference and characteristics of these two strategies. Market diversification is a strategy that takes the firm from its existing market to new ones. It exploits the current products and capabilities in new markets looking for geographical spread. This strategy is more and more used in the current times where globalization is facilitating the firms internationalisation. It also presents some challenges like cultural barriers, adding management costs and government restrictions among others. Product diversification is about adding new product to the firms portfolio whereas market diversification is about entering in new markets offering the firms current products. Reasons and Challenges Reasons and Motivations for Diversification: Any firm has a start. Normally starting as a small business it focuses on a single product. This is known as a single business strategy. The natural reasons are commonly due to a lack of cash, experience and know-how. Over time, the resources, capabilities and core competences are rooted and stabilized. At that point, firms may choose product diversified strategy, with two broad categories (related or unrelated). Large firms use product diversification strategy for a variety of reasons. Pearce and Robinson, (2005) and Hoskisson ( 2007) mention among others, the following reasons: To increase the growth rate of the firm For a better use of the companies funds than investing them into internal growth To balance the product line Diversifying the product line when the firm has reached its mature life cycle To increase efficiency and profitability, especially, if there is operational or financial synergy To increase the firms value by improving its overall performance To increase revenues or reduce costs To match and neutralize competitors market power To reduce managerial risk To increase the firms size and thus managerial compensation Product diversification challenges The above mentioned reasons and motivations for PDS can also bring along challenges and costs. One could say that PDS needs new facilities, technologies, skills, know-how, employee and managerial training, etc. It is important to know that it can have a great negative impact on the firms current products if a new product is launched with the firms brand name and the product is not well accepted in the market. The reasons for the market rejection can be e.g. lower quality than expected from the firm, high price, poor distribution, etc. At that point, the whole company will be negatively affected by a bad move. This argument is also supported by various authors such as Hoskisson, (2007); Grant, Jammine, and Thomas (1998); Goold and Luchs (1993), (cited by Pils, 2009). They state that some of the challenges are information processing, coordination, and control problems due to increase of information asymmetries difficult for a single business to deal with. In case of applying a PDS a fi rm has to change its structure and adopt new systems. Moreover Hoskisson (2007) elaborates that the data and information a firm using PDS requires is substantially greater. Furthermore increasing portfolio diversity may involve inefficiencies due to growing conflict on top management and a lack of adaptability to environmental change. Product Diversification Strategy Categories: Related Unrelated Product Diversification Strategy As mentioned before, there are two broad categories of PDS: Related and Unrelated. Some authors such as Richard Rumel (cited by Lovallo and Mendoca, 2007), Peng (2008) also categorize PDS as: focused, moderately and highly diversified. These three categories are not deeply explored in this research. But to dedicate some words, it should be mentioned that Richard Rumelt, in 1972, was the first person to statistically prove the linkage between corporate strategy and profitability. He concluded that moderately diversified firms outperform more diversified ones. Lovallo and Mendoca (2007) sustain that this finding has been valid more than 30 years of research. Moreover, a contemporary author, Peng (2008), also points out that some moderate level of diversification is the most optimal. The main focus of this research is whether a related or unrelated strategy is more suitable for large firms while diversifying. Therefore, in the following lines a definition and a detailed explanation of both is presented. Related product diversification can be defined as a strategy that firms can choose as a growing path. As the word related signals, this diversification strategy is focused on products that have a correlation between each other and are related in some way, especially in their core competences. Normally, firms that choose related product diversification as a strategy are sharing a common factor such as the raw material, the technology or the know-how needed to produce different products. Moreover, the products offered by the firm do not necessarily need to be similar. For instance, a firm running a cinema complex and also offering soft-drinks to be sold at the movie theatres is using a related PDS. Even if their products may not be related, they must share some common ground on their value or supply chain. In this case, the customers targeted are the same. Pearce and Robinson,(2005) confirm this by defining related businesses as those relying on same or similar capabilities in order to have success and achieve competitive advantage in their product markets. Major advantages of related PDS are: concentration of strength, exploitation of a market niche, and the development of synergies. A good example, of a firm applying this strategy is CRH, an Irish company who operates in 35 countries with more than 93.500 employees. The CRH Corporate Social Responsibility Report (2007) states that the firm is a diversified building materials group which manufactures and distributes building material products from the fundamentals of heavy materials and elements to construct the frame, through value added products that complete the building envelope, to distribution channels which service construction fit-out and renewal. CRH has three closely related core businesses: primary materials (aggregates, cement, asphalt and ready mixed concrete); value-added building products (pre-cast, architectural, construction accessories, clay, gas, insulation, building envelope products); and specialist building materials (CRH, 2009). CRH initially decided to diversify to gain economies of scope and also to stretch the corporate parenting capabilities. While CRH diversified its market its power i ncreased and consequently it could afford to cross-subsidise one business from the surpluses earned by another, in a way that competitors could not. As an effect, it could drive out competitors. Before going into further details regarding related PDS, a definition of Unrelated Product Diversification is given. In this case, as the word unrelated points out this diversification strategy focuses on firms offering products that have no relation, are not complementary between each other and do not have necessarily the same raw material as their prime and main composition. Moreover, they do not need to share any part of their supply chain (customers, distributor, manufacturer, logistics, etc). For instance, the Easy Group Company is present in several industries and services that have actually no relation. Some of them are: travel companies, car rentals, internet-cafes, cinemas, cosmetics, etc. Stelio Haji-Ionannou, the founder of the company has developed a cost strategy that pretends to apply in all its businesses. It seems that he believes that his formula is valid for any business. Normally the reason why firms choose this path is known to reduce their financial risks. Peng (2008) refers to unrelated PDS as firms entering into industries new lines that have no evident connections to the present firm line of businesses. Furthermore, Hoskisson (2007) says that unrelated PDS occurs when there are no overlapping capabilities other than financial resources. This strategy is also known in the financial literature as conglomerates (Hoskisson, 2007; Peng, 2008; Pearce and Robinson, 2005) It has been widely discussed whether related is more successful or unrelated. To be able to answer this fundamental question the following pros and cons are explored: Human resources: Related product diversification is characterized by the ease of human resources relocation because the skills and capabilities needed for the introduction of the new products are very similar. On the other hand, unrelated PDS requires recruiting new personnel or training current employees in the new fields. (Tallman, 2003) Technologies Obviously, if a firm chooses unrelated PDS, it will probably not be able to share technologies. Therefore, the investment needed to apply this kind of diversification is greater than by applying a related one. Related PDS is characterised by sharing technologies needed to produce the new products. For example, a firm which produces shampoo and introduces hair conditioner may use the same technology. In that way it reduces the investment costs for the new production and gain economies of scope (also see 2.5). Tallman (2003) confirms that related products can increase the use of existing fixed investments and existing capacity for more purposes and more intensively, gaining efficiencies that reduce costs. Additionally, he says that it can improve the efficiency of its existing resource infrastructure by increasing the flow of product to a wider range of customers. Management For managers it is easier to introduce related products than unrelated ones because they are familiar to the industry and can apply the same or similar strategies. For unrelated ones, managers have to learn about the new products and often the strategy used for the current products is not applicable for the new ones. Therefore, managers should experience new strategies which at the beginning may fail. Prahalad and Hamel (1990), said that it is likely that firm managers of unrelated products may be ineffective because the routines and capabilities they have already developed are not applicable one to one to the entire range of businesses. On the other hand it could be argued that it can be effective as top management can concentrate on financial management and costs controls while leaving operational control with each business unit. Competitors It is easier for competitors to imitate the financial economies of a firm than the operational synergies derived from a related PDS. This is due to the fact that operational synergies derived from the use of current know-how, facilities, capabilities and experiences are more difficult to imitate than realizing that a firm is diversifying into new unrelated products based on the percentage of the revenue it can gain. Therefore, it is less likely that competitors will imitate a firm which introduces new related products. Peng and Delios, (2006), and Khanna and Palepu, (2005), (cited by Hoskisson, 2007) sustain that competitors find it easier to imitate financial economies than replicating the value gained by related PDS from the economies of scope developed through operational relatedness. Control Mechanism The principle control mechanism for related diversification is strategic control with rich communication between corporate and business units managers. Financial results are obviously not a fair means to measure the functioning of each business unit. One business unit may have low revenues but its main function is to support the others. For unrelated products, the best way to control is exactly the opposite. The emphasis has to be on financial control (return and investment) to evaluate the units performance. (Peng, 2008) Market saturation When the product a firm is offering is close to a market saturation or obsolescence, the best thing a firm can do is to enter into another market offering unrelated products. In that way the company has an opportunity to grow. It would be a great mistake in a saturated market to introduce related products because the competition is already very high and to get a profitable market share is unlikely. Stabilize Earnings Another reason would be to stabilize the earnings and dividends of a firm in a cyclical industry. In that case, the firm should diversify into an industry with complementary cycles independent of the relation with the current products. Independency Firms that are uncomfortable to be dependent on one product line should diversify into other businesses or industries. In that way the risk is spread and all the weight is not in one product line. All in all the benefits of both categories of diversification do not appear as the result of a magic formula that just happens but as Tallman (2003) and Peng (2008) also sustain it is the result of an active management of resources and capabilities with potential for broader application. Product diversification synergies need to be explored in more detail. Therefore the following section is dedicated. Product Diversification Synergies Pils (2009) explains that the word synergy is derived from the Greek word synergos and literally means working together. In business terminology, synergy is used to describe the ability of two or more business units or firms to make greater value working together than they would do independently (Goold and Campbell, 1998, p.133). Diversifying a large firm is considered economically positive only if synergetic effects between the different businesses units are achieved. As a consequence, the idea of maximizing synergies as the main objective of diversification strategy is presented below. Operational Synergies The emphasis of product related diversification is on operational synergies because in this strategy production resources are shared to have a cost competitive advantage. In the financial literature, the term operational synergy has been used as a synonym for economies of scope (Tanriverdi and Vendkatraman, 2005). Economies of scope and/or operational synergies are the result of two or more business units that share and transfer factors of production, its resources and capabilities. As a consequence the shared production costs will be lower than production costs of each one separately. Peng (2008) defines it as competitiveness increase beyond what can be achieved by engaging in two product markets separately. In other words, firms benefit from lowering unit costs by gaining advantage from product relatedness, i.e. 2+2=5. Some sources of operational synergy are (Peng, 2008): Technologies, such as common platforms Marketing, such as common brands, and Manufacturing, such as common logistics Conscious of these possible synergies, Zodiac a French large firm who in 1930 was focused on inflatable boats and had strong ties to the French army started to introduce new related products to its portfolio. Zodiac created 5 different divisions having inflatable materials as a common denominator. These divisions have been: marine division (recreation, military, professional, safety of life at sea, environmental solutions); pool division (pool sector and pool care and water cleaning, heating, pumps, filters); airline equipment division (passenger seats and on-board toilets and sanitation systems); aerosafety systems division (aircraft escape slides, parachute systems, helicopter floats, and flexible fuel tanks); technology division and aircraft system division. (Zodiac Aerospace, 2009) Zodiac has benefited from the operational synergies through the use of inflatable products technology and has also used market synergies because it has supplied the same customers with different produc ts. Conversely, unrelated diversification does not need to have advanced levels of operational relatedness. Rather, each business unit has its own strategic and operational responsibility and the management can focus on the financial synergies. (Tallman, 2003) Investment synergies are very much related to the operational synergies. It can be argued that one is the consequence of the other or that they are developed hand in hand. Investment synergies are the result of products sharing the same plant, resource and development (RD) and machinery. This is more probable to happen with a related product diversification because of the previous explanations. For unrelated products, the machinery is improbable the same and each product need its own RD. Financial Synergies The means obtaining financial synergy is different from obtaining operational synergies. The key role of firms is to identify and find profitable investment opportunities. The parameter to measure if financial synergies are to be achieved is whether managers can exceed the job of identifying and taking advantage of profitable opportunities compared to external capital markets (Peng, 2008). Hoskisson (2007) defines financial synergies as cost savings realized through a better use of financial assets based on investments inside or outside the firm. Competent internal capital distribution can lead to financial synergies and reduces risk between the firms businesses (Higgings and Schall, 1975). A firm using unrelated PDS may grow, but only internally in each business unit and will not reach operational efficiencies but financial ones. That means, the revenue of each business unit will be greater when functioning as a conglomerate rather than functioning independently. This idea is supported by Peng (2008) who states that competitiveness increases for each unit financially further than what can be achieved by each unit competing independently as an individual firm. Many different products that are not necessarily related offer opportunities of high returns. If a firm is only interested in the returns, unrelated product diversification may be a right path of growth. Sales synergies: These occur from sharing salespeople, warehouses, distribution channels, and advertising. Salespeople have more chances to be able to sell to the same customer a wide range of related products than unrelated ones. Salespeople will try to sell a complete pack of product to the same customer and in that way take advantage of the sales synergies that related product diversification presents. Imagine a company selling sport shoes and refrigerators, in a selling process it is more unlikely to be able to sell both products to the same customer than if he would offer sport shoes and sport clothes. On the other hand, if a firm has developed a well-known brand, the use of the brand-name in other products, related or unrelated, can increase and facilitate sales because it can have build before customer loyalty to the brand. For example, Mars chocolate confectionery successful launched ice-creams. Much of it success could be related to the brand name. So, sales synergies do not occur only withi n related products but also within unrelated ones if the brand name is positively perceived and recognized by the customers. Management synergies It arises from managers accumulating experiences from handling problems in one business unit that can be applied and used to solve problems in a related business unit. Even more, the accumulated experience and know-how allows answering faster to the industry trends and challenges. Managers are able to transfer their skills, experiences and strategies (Enz, 2009, p.222). Contrarily, unrelated product managers can not apply the experience gained from solving the problems of one unit to the other in most cases because the problems are specific for each product. All these synergies can be undermine due to additional layers of management, delays due to organization and information complexity, communication costs for coordination, imaginary synergies that in fact do not exist, incompatible production processes, etc. Therefore while choosing between related and unrelated PDS the mentioned synergy risks have to be taken into account. Research Methodology In this section an explanation of how the data for the case study was collected and how it was analyzed is presented. It is important to know how the data was collected because the method chosen affects the final findings. The information and content of The Mondi Group Case Study was obtained through an expert interview with Mr. Wolfgang Kropiunik, Mondis Marketing Manager of Uncoated Fine Paper. A questionnaire was sent as a guide and overview of the face-to-face interview questions. A meeting for a 40 minutes exploratory semi-structured interview was organized on the 24th of November 2009 at Mondi Headquarter, Vienna. Mondi Group was chosen as the large firm to be analyzed as it is a large firm with more than 33.000 employees worldwide and has its headquarter in Vienna (Mondi, 2009). Therefore the results presented in this research are very much related to Mondis functioning and successful method. It might be possible that if the studied firm had been another one, the results of the research question could have been different. The interview was recorded and the data obtained was transcribed (see appendix). The transcription of the interview allowed a deeper comprehension of Mondis product diversification strategy, synergies and challenges. Moreover, the recommendations presented to the company (see 4.7) are inspired from the challenges Mr. Kropiunik mentioned during the interview. The interview gave a number of information about Mondis life cycle, PDS and challenges especially during the current financial crisis The Mondi Group Case Study Mondi is a large and international packaging and paper firm represented in around 35 countries. In 2008, it had revenues of 6.3 billion EUR and about 33.400 employees (Mondi, 2009). It has a strong presence in Western Europe, Russia and South Africa. Mondis Europe and International Division has its headquarter in Vienna while the corporate headquarter is located in Johannesburg. In Vienna, there are three businesses: Uncoated Fine Paper, Corrugated and Bags Specialties. Mondi has reached to be fully integrated having the control of its supply chain. It grows trees, manufactures pulp and paper and converts packaging paper into corrugated packaging an